1.A word will cover the following points:
1) A minimal free form of a language
2) A word is minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.
(A sound unity, A unit of meaning, A form that can function alone in a sentence);
3) A word is the smallest of the linguistic units which can occur on its own in speech or writing.
2.Classification of words:
1) Basic and non-basic word stock or vocabulary
2) Content/ lexical /open class words and function/grammatical/closed class words
3.What is involved in knowing a word?
1) Form;/ structure;/
2) meanings and semantic features associated with that word;
3) grammatical or syntactic behavior associated with that word;
4) network of associations between that word and other words;/ collocations;/ 5) limitations imposed on the use of word according to variations of function and situation;
6)  the degree of probability of encountering that word in speech or print.
4.Morpheme can be classified as following:
5.English word-formation 英语构词法
6.Derivation / Affixation 派生法/词缀
negative: a- dis- non- un-
privative: de-dis-un-              pejorative: mal- mis- pseudo-
prefixation and suffixation.前缀和后缀
Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. A prefix is a letter or group of letters placed at the beginning of a word to change its meaning. Prefixes are frequently used to form new words.
7.Conversion  转类法
Conversion may be defined as a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any concomitant（伴随的） change of form. This process is also known as functional shift or zero-derivation. (零位派生)
eg: bookstore was a must(v-n) for me. He downed(adv-v) his tools for a rest. He is a native(a-n)
Functions of conversion: to achieve compactness and efficiency, accuracy and specificity, vividness and expressiveness, novelty and balance.
8.Backformation逆生法
Backformation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a short word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already present in the language. This process is considered to be the opposite process of affixation. eg:bookkeeper<bookkeeping babysit<babysitting burgle<burglar  lase<laser
9.Abbreviation: 缩略法 Abbreviation refers to word formation through clipping, initialism and acronym. These short forms are quicker and more convenient in use and for this reason they are becoming more and more popular. 
Clipping截短法Word formation by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. The shortening may occur at the beginning of the word, at the end of the word and at both ends of the word. The clipped form is normally regarded as informal. eg: phone(telephone), copter(helicopter), quake(earthquake)  taxi(taxicab) appx.(appendix)
Initialism首字母缩略词Words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. VOA(Voice of America), p.c.(post card), VIP(very important person), BP(beautiful people)
Acronym 首字母拼音词ROM(read only memory), NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization), OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries )
10.Blending 混词法Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed as such are called blends. Blends tend to be more frequent in informal style in the registers of journalism, advertising and technical field. Eg: head+tail：flaunt:flout+vaunt, blunt:blind+stunt, H-bomb:hydrogen+bomb, squash:squeeze+crash, hifi:high+fidelity/head+word:medicare:medical+care,/telequiz:telephone+quiz,/ /word+tail:workfare:work+welfare,bookmobile: book+automobile
11.Imitation 基本拟声 Zap! Crunch! Swoosh!  The world is Whoa!
12.Borrowing 外来语Coinage 新生词Invention 创造法
13.Compounding
is a phenomenon where two or more existing words are combined to construct a new wor
d. Compounding are useful to express the same meaning shortly and briefly and it can help writer to avoid repeating. E.g. The boy who catches attention is my son. The eye-catching boy is my son. The latter one expresses the same meaning more briefly and avoid repeating when we want to mention the boy afterwards.
14.Kinds of meaning
Conceptual meaning refers to the meaning of a word or lexical item that relates it to phenomena in the real world or in a fictional or possible world.
Associative meaning minimalReflected meaning and collocative meaning, affective meaning and social meaning: all these have more in common with connotative meaning than with conceptual meaning, they all have the same open-ended, variable character. They can all be brought together under the heading of associative meaning.

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