2010年英语专业八级考试“英译汉”典型问题剖析
向洪全
摘要:本文结合具体案例,全面系统地剖析了2010年英语专业八级考试“英译汉”中所存在典型问题。在此基础上,并结合作者翻译教学与实践的经验,提出多读原典、双语比较、勤加练习、多读中文作品等意见和建议。
关键词:2010;英语专八;英译汉;问题;建议
2010年3月23日—4月1日,全国英语专业八级阅卷工作在上海外国语大学进行。今年全国参考考生共计189000余人。笔者参加了“英译汉”部分阅卷,感触颇深。既有令人激赏的优秀之作,亦发现诸多林林种种的问题与不足。就所发现问题而言,有的可归属于考生个人的问题,如原文理解不到位,词汇量不足,英汉语言差异认知及转移处理经验与能力欠缺等;有的则超越了考生个人,是国内外语教育带普遍性的问题,如外语学生中文水平普遍较差;再有的则甚至可能是社会及法律问题,如试卷雷同作弊问题。
本文主要目的在于总结问题,剖析成因,并尝试提出一些意见和建议,以期或有助于未来的学子,或与同行及感兴趣者探讨交流,故下文暂不谈优点,而直指问题与不足。
一、英译汉原文
今年专八英译汉原文出自Thomas De Quincey的名作Confessions of an English Opium Eater (1821)。选作考题时个别字句稍有修改。该部分选文亦见于杨自伍主编《英国文化选本》(华东师范大学出版社,1996年),该书系英汉对照,译文甚具文采。
试题具体选文如下:
I thought that it was a Sunday morning in May, that it was Easter Sunday, and as yet very early in the morning. I was standing at the door of my own cottage. Right before me lay the very scene which could really be commanded from that situation, but exalted, as was usual, and solemnized by the power of dreams. There were the same mountains, and the same lovely valley at their feet; but the mountains were raised to more than Alpine height, and there was interspace far larger between them of meadows and forest lawns; the hedg
es were rich with white roses; and no living creature was to be seen except that in the green church-yard there were cattle tranquilly reposing upon the graves, and particularly round about the grave of a child, whom I had tenderly loved, just as I had really seen them, a little before sunrise in the same summer, when that child died.
二、翻译中主要问题
1、全文理解偏颇。该文段实际上是描写的一个梦境片段,除其梦幻般的文辞外,有好几处都有明确标识:“the very scene which could REALLY be commanded from that situation, but exalted, as was usual, and solemnized be the power of DREAMS…the mountains were raised to more than Alpine height, and there was interspace far larger between them…just as I had REALLY seen…”不过也许是选文文学性太强,难度偏大,几乎少有考生真正读明白。如试卷密号10000090的译文,不敢认定是梦境描绘,勉强将“the very scene which could really be commanded from that situation”处理作:“我眼正前方的场景就像被梦境占领了一样”。这样即使整体译文不错,也会失掉一些分数。
2、文体风格偏颇。全语篇以回忆梦境入笔,以缅怀追思逝去的那个曾经深爱的小孩(一位
小姑娘)收束,是痛定之后的沉郁。其情静澹而深切,其文多彩而沉稳。除相当的考生译笔苍白,更有考生开篇就来“我觉得今天是五月的星期天,巧的是……”不知从何而来。有的平添感叹词“噢”这类的感叹词。也有的译文结尾处冒出“巧的是”,估计是让“…particularly round about the grave of a child whom I tenderly loved”中的“particularly”一词给误导。如此的乱解和译文,给作为读者的阅卷老师的感受,可想而知。
3、词语不认识。一些考生词汇量很是偏小,一些常见词汇也认识不得。其中既有普通词汇亦有专有名词。普通词汇如cottage、exalt、solemnize、valley、interspace、meadow、lawn、hedge、tranquilly、cattle、repose等;专有名词如Easter、Alpine等。普通词汇中如cottage一词,据小组统计,有译作“牛棚/羊圈/仓库/马车/车库/楼阁/阳台/包厢/车间”等等不一而足;repose一词让构词法给误导,以为pose是照相摆姿势,于是想当然地将repose推解为“不断变换着姿势”。至于专有名词,则不仅是词汇量的问题,也是考生文化知识缺失的问题。
4、词语理解跳脱语境。比较典型的如第三句“Right before me lay the very scene which could really be commanded from that situation…”该句中,一些考生将“Right”看作人的名
字如“赖特”,或理解为“右边”等,不知在这倒装句里,该词是一副词;其次是“lay”,lie(躺, 平放, 展现, 展开, 位于)的过去式,被硬生生理解为“下蛋”或“生产”(有同学虽然准基本意思,却机械地对应为该词最常用义项“躺”);其三是“command”一词,不少人直接理解为“命令”、“掌控”等,不善于从语境出发对词义予以引申;其四是“situation”,好些考生知其引申抽象意义“情景,情况,形势”等,反而不知其“地点、位置”的文字本义。另外一个典型词语的“rose”,语境是“…the hedges were rich with white roses…”, 95%以上的考生都译作“玫瑰”。极少有认真思考hedge(树篱)上如何会缀满玫瑰花,这在逻辑上亦是讲不通。只有极其个别同学翻译成“蔷薇(花)”。脱离活的语境的生硬取义,显然没有用好通常为英汉翻译教材第一个技巧的Diction(选词法),当然也难以理解J. R. Firth之所言“Each word when used in a new context is a new word”。(Firth, 1957: 190)
5、句子语法逻辑解析不明。最典型的一句“There were the same mountains, and the same lovely valley at their feet; but the mountains were raised to more than Alpine height, and there was interspace far larger between them of meadows and forest lawns…”划线部分的正常归属关系应是there was interspace of meadows and forest lawns far larger between them。即是说,“of meadows and forest lawns”是限定“interspace”的,而“betwe
en them”的“them”指的是前面的“mountains”与“valley”。英语作为一种形合语言,一句之中,各部分间关系处处有法可依,也有有形标识可寻,只是这里作者为着句式变化和新奇的修辞效果,故意倒了一下。但从试卷译文来看,解析不清,理解不准确的相当普遍。
6、翻译再生能力或经验不足。从语言的层面讲,翻译是英汉差异的认知、把握和转换处理的过程。这就需要增减词、转性转态、或拆或合、调整语序等技法。从文化层面讲,则涉及或归化或异化的策略问题。而尤其对于本语篇,从文学角度看,则是一个如何运用译入语或曰目的语结构、辞章、意象等,综合考量原文所传递内容和表达方式,而予以再创造与重写,以尽量求得等同效果的过程。第四句的第四并列分句“and no living creature was to be seen except that in the green churchyard there were cattle tranquilly reposing upon the graves, and particularly round about the grave of a child whom I had tenderly loved, just as I had really seen them, a little before sunrise in the same summer, when that child died”,有一个算是较好的译文:“除了教堂绿院子里那些在坟墓边安静休息的牛,看不到其它生物。这些牛特别围坐在我曾经非常爱护的一个小孩的坟墓边,就像那时小孩死去时我真的看到它们一样,同样是夏天太阳升起前一会儿。”(试卷密号10000086译文)虽然翻译技法基本到位了,却表达上基本上只能算是依着英文的词语基本意思被动模仿,文
学效果尽失,而不明白翻译须得还文学以文学,需要更高层面的再创造。当然,这可能跟后面要说的译者文学修养也有关。
7、漏译。漏译一般有三种可能,一是有地方不理解,故意略去;二是虽然理解,但汉语译文里不知如何处理,故意略去;三是粗心,检查时也不够仔细。就前两类情况而言,有的漏译集中于一些难句,如“Right before me lay the very scene which could really be commanded from that situation, but exalted, as was usual, and solemnized be the power of dreams”,有人漏译加曲解而成“我眼前的一切情景都很清晰,但是又好像在梦境里一样。”(试卷密号10000079译文)更严重的则是整篇东鳞西爪地翻译了些文句和内容。
8、粗心致错。最明显的莫过于开篇第一句“I thought that it was a Sunday morning in May…”不止一位考生将“Sunday”译为“星期六”、“星期五”什么的,“May”一词也有错译。相信这更多是考生时间紧张粗心所致,而非真的不认识如此常用的词语。
9、胡编滥创,冒充翻译。有考生英语理解力或翻译能力大概是太差,整个所谓译文或其译文大部分与原文若即若离,更有甚者则几乎全篇洋洋洒洒自言自语的“创作”。若即若离者如“…there was interspace far larger between them of meadows and forest lawns; the hed
ges were rich with white roses”一句,试卷密号123740的译文是“山间林木矗立,烟雾妖娆;林间花团锦簇,美丽的白玫瑰含苞待放”。文辞在美丽与怪诞之间,但到底似有还无。还有考生是干脆写了自己学习英语的感想,并向阅卷老师问好,说感谢耐心看其废话。
10、答错位置。有个别学生翻译答错位置。笔者阅英译汉部分,每天遇到不会少于一份汉译英试卷。好在阅卷场专门有处理这类试卷的机制,以免误给这些考生0分。
11、时间安排不当导致未译完。阅卷时也有遇到过如此情况,前面部分都翻译很不错,但未到结尾,译文戛然而止,连句号都没来得及打。遇到这样的译文,不能不说是一大遗憾。
interspace翻译12、购买答案及抄袭。据往年一直阅卷的老师说,雷同试卷每年都有。笔者第一次参加阅卷,就今年观之,只能说:相当严重。通常是每天都会遇到至少二三十份改头换面的雷同卷。雷同卷译文均是基于杨自伍《英国文化读本》里的译文修改而来。因感于23号以来每天都会处理相当数量的雷同卷和阅卷场上时不时叨念雷同高频词的声音,至阅卷接近尾声,笔者就邻近三位阅卷教师做了个大概统计。3月29日:阅卷代码4050老师阅卷590份,认定雷同卷34份;阅卷代码4047老师阅卷530份,认定雷同卷34份;阅卷代码4049老师阅
卷507份,认定雷同卷44份。3月30日:阅卷代码4050老师阅卷500份,认定雷同卷21份;阅卷代码4047老师阅卷396份,认定雷同卷25份;阅卷代码4049老师阅卷528份,认定雷同卷34份。两天总平,发现雷同试卷超过6.3%(以上统计数字只可能少,不可能多于实际雷同卷)。如此的现象,不能不让人深感忧惧。
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