Edward Hall the founder of ICC
■ Edward Hall conceptualized this new field of ICC in the early 1950s.
■ The Silent Language (Hall, 1959) is considered the classic fundamental book of ICC study.
worshipCommunication Defined
Communication can simply refer to the act and process of sending and receiving messages among people
“Communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or the residue of behavior.”
■ Attribution means that we draw upon our past experiences and give meaning to the behavior that we observe.
■ Residue refers to those things that remain as a record of our actions.
■ A sender refers to the person who sends the message, while a receiver is the one who receives the message.
■ A message – verbal or nonverbal – carries ideas from one person to another. A verbal message includes oral message and written message. A nonverbal message has more uncertainties than the verbal one.
■ Medium/Channel refers to the ways for sending and receiving messages. Different messages ask for different channels.
■ Noise refers to the disturbances along the communication processes, which may result in unintended message perceived by the receiver.
■ Feedback refers to the reaction from the message receiver to the message sender. Feedback can be further divided into two pairs:
positive feedback vs. negative feedback;
internal feedback vs. external feedback.
■ Encoding refers to the process of the sender putting the message into a signal (the encoded message);
■ Decoding refers to the process of the receiver interpreting the signal from the sender.
Definition of culture
Culture is the arts and other manifestation of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively.           
Communication is culture, and culture is communication.                       
The culture is both an influence factor for behavior as well as an interpretation factor of behavior. 
■ Culture may be classified by three large categories of elements:
Artifact (which include items ranging from arrowheads to hydrogen bombs, magic charms to electric lights, and chariots to jet planes)
Concepts (which include such beliefs or value systems as right or wrong, God and man, ethnic, and the general meaning of life)
Behavior (which refers to the actual practice of concepts or beliefs)
Ethnocentrism is a universal tendency for any people to put its own culture and society in a central position of priority and worth.
Concept of Values
⏹ Concise Oxford Dictionary defines values as “ One’s principles or standards, one’s judgment of what is valuable or important in life.”
⏹ Hofstede says values are “a broad tendency to prefer certain states of affairs over others.”
⏹ Kluckhohn says values are “ a conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means, and ends of action.”
⏹ A value system, as Albert notes, “represents what is expected or hoped for, required or forbidden. It is not a report of actual conduct but is the system of criteria by which conduct is judged and sanctions applied.”
Hofstede states that these four levels embody the total concept of culture like an onion with 4 layers:  symbols, heroes, rituals, and values.
⏹ Symbols are the first “skin of the onion”, the outer layer, which are words, gestures, pictures, or objects that carry a particular meaning only recognized by those who share the culture, e.g. words, dress, hairstyles, flags, etc. Symbols represent the most superficial and the easiest to perceive by an outsider and the least important to an insider.
⏹ “Heroes” is a term used to indicate persons, ordinary or famous, real or imagery, as long as they possess characteristics that are highly prized and worshipped in a culture, e.g. Yue Fei, George Washington, etc.  The worship and heroes are less obvious to the eye than symbols.
⏹ Rituals are those collective activities that are considered socially essential within a culture. They are carried out for their own sake.
⏹ Values are social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture.Values are the deepest manifestations of culture and the most difficult to understand by an outsider.
Kluckholn and Strodtbeck’s values orientations
⏹ Human Nature
⏹ Relationship to Nature
⏹ Sense of Time Activity
⏹ Activity
⏹ Social Relationships
Hofstede’s four cultural dimensions
⏹ Individualism vs. Collectivism
⏹ Power distance

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