名词解释
Heroic Couplet:  a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter; and written in an elevated style.
1．Renaissance:  a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.
2．Sonnet:  14-line lyric poem; usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.
3．Blank verse:  poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
4．Neoclassicism:  the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.
5．Sentimentalism:  it was one of the important trends in English literature of the later decades of the 18th century. It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions;
and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking; passion over reason.
6．Romanticism:  imagination; emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.
7．Lake Poets:  the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century.
8．Byronic Heroes:  a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character enthusiasm; persistence; pursuing freedom; named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.
9．Realism:  seeks to portray familiar characters; situations; and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.
10．Aestheticism:  an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature; fine art; music and other arts.
11．Stream-of-Consciousness:  it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode.
12．Dramatic Monologue:  a kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.
13．Iambic Pentameter:  a poetic line consisting of five verse feet; with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable; that is; with each foot an iamb.
14．Epic:  a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.
15．Elegy:  a poem of mourning; usually over the death of an individual; may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a type of l
yric poem.
16．Canto:  a section of a long poem. The cantos can be a great poem
17．Ode:  a complex and often lengthy lyric poem; written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subjects. Odes are written for a special occasion; to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.
Spenserian Stanza: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine. Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc. This stanza was common to travel literature.
18．Metrical Pattern: a lyric poem of five 14-lined stanzas containing four tercets and a closing couplet. The rhyme scheme is aba bcb cdc ded ee.
文学史
中古时期
1.Beowulfworship贝奥武甫: the natural epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration; metaphor; understatements
2.Sir Gawain and Green Knight高文爵士和绿衣骑士
3.Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里 乔叟：the Father of English Poetry; The Canterbury Tales埃特伯雷故事集24stories
文艺复兴时期
1.Thomas More: Utopia乌托邦- the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Utopia.
2.Francis Bacon:  the first English Essayist; Essays随笔集- Of Studies; Of Truth philosophical and literary works
3.Thus Wyatt:  first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.
4.Edmund Spenser:  Poet's poet; The Fairy Queen仙后to Queen Elizabeth I
5.William Shakespeare: 
Sonnet 18Shall I compare thee to a summer's day
17世纪英国文学
1.John Donne:  the leading poet of Metaphysical school of poetry; A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning分离：莫忧伤
2.John Milton:  Paradise Lost失乐园a revolt against God's authority; Paradise Regained复乐园how Christ overcame Santa ——stories were taken from Bible
3.John Bunyan:  the son of Renaissance; Pilgrim's Progress天路历程imagination; shadowing; realistic religious allegory
18世纪英国文学
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