大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国
P4
The commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined economically and have trading arrangements. The commonwealth has no special powers. There are 50 member countries within the Commonwealth.
英联邦是一个自由联合体，由曾是英国殖民地而现已独立的国家构成，成员国之间实行经济合作，有一定的贸易协议。联邦没有特殊的权力。有50个成员国在联邦。
P12
The English are Anglo-Saxons, but the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts.
英格兰人是盎格鲁——撒克逊人，而苏格兰人、威尔士人和爱尔兰人却都是凯尔特人；
P17
凯尔特人Celts----首先入侵
The Celts, a taller and fairer race than the people who had come before, began to arrive about 700BC and kept coming until the arrival of the Romans. They may originally have come from eastern and central Europe, now France, Belgium and southern Germany. They came to Britain in three main waves.
凯尔特人比先前抵达的种族更高、更漂亮，他们于公元前700年开始迁入，并于此后不断迁居到此岛，直至罗马人入侵；他们最初来自东欧和中欧，现在法国、比利时和德国南部一带。他们来到不列颠有三次高潮。
P22
In 597 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. Augustine was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility.
公元597年，教皇格里高里一世把罗马圣安德鲁修道院的副院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰，要把异教徒的英国人变为基督教徒；公元597年圣奥古斯丁称为坎特伯雷大教主；
P23
Alfred (King of Wessex) was strong enough to defeat the Danes and came to a relatively friendly agree
ment with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east of England (“the Danelaw”)
威塞克斯国王艾尔弗雷德（公元835-878年）非常强大，打败了丹麦人，并于公元879年与他们达成了友好的协议。协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰的北部和西部（丹麦发去）
P25
worship
William entered London shortly before Christmas, and on Christmas Day he was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey
1066年10月14日，圣诞节临近时，威廉开进伦敦。圣诞节这天，在威斯敏斯特大教堂，约克大主教为威廉加冕，威廉称为英格兰国王。
P27
At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs, unfree peasants who were little better than slaves.
处在封建等级制底层的是农奴——和努力差不多的没有自由的人们；
P28
Domesday Book, completed in 1086, was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085.
Today, Domesday Book is kept in the Public Records Office in London.
众王之王所用的《末日书》。这本财产清册完成于1086年，它记录了1085年作得英国全国总调查的结果。这本清册陈述了土地的范围，价值，人口，耕种情况和所有权。现在《末日审判书》保存在伦敦的公共档案馆里；
P29
William II was known as William Rufus because of his red complexion and a large sum of money to his third son Henry.
1087年威廉去世，把英格兰留给二儿子威廉——因其面红润而被称为“红脸威廉”。三儿子亨利得了一大笔钱；
P30
In Henry II's reign a common law, which over-rode local law and private law, was established in place of the customs of the manor which had varied not only from shire to shire but even from one community to another.
亨利二世统治时，一部高于地方法和司法的普通法逐渐形成，普通法取代了原先贵族领地内的习惯做法。原先的习惯做法不仅各郡各异，甚至社区与社区之间也不同。
P32
The Great Charter
One was England’s possession of territory in France. The other was Norman adherence to Roman Catholicism
大宪章1215
一个是英国领土的占有在法国。另一个是诺曼对罗马天主教
P33
The spirit of it was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.
大宪章的精神是限制王权，置王权于封建法律的约束下；
P37
In 1351 the government issued a Statute of Labourers which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages or for their employers to pay more than the rates laid down by the Justices of the Peace.
1351年政府颁布“劳工法令”，规定农民们涨工资的要求、或者是雇主支付比地方官指定的工资水平高的工资都是犯罪。
P40
玫瑰战争
Wars of the Roses was coined by the great 19th century novelist Sir Walter Scott, but it has become the accepted way of referring to these battles between the great House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and that of York, symbolized by the White。Because the Hundred Year’s War ended, they had to seek a new outlet for their ambition by an attempt to dominate the government at home.
实际上，玫瑰战争这个词是19世纪的大作家司考特创造的，但它已被普遍接受，专指这两个家族间的战争。红玫瑰代表兰开斯特家族，而白玫瑰则是预科家族的象征；
因为百年战争已结束，他们企图通过控制国内政府来实现自己的野心；
P46
For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict.
在近30年终，伊丽莎白成功的使两大天主教强国法国和西班牙互相争斗，从而避免了英国卷入任何欧洲大国的冲突；
P47
Philip II made an attempt to invade England in July, 1588.Philip dispatched a fleet of 130 vessels to land in and conquer England. The Armada sailed up the English Channel. 1588年，菲利普派遣一支130只船组成的舰队入侵英国，西班牙的无敌舰队驶向英吉利海峡；
P51
The most famous of the Catholic conspiracies was the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. On November 5, 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the Houses of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars. The immediate result
was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and the imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws.
最著名的天主教阴谋是1605年的火药阴谋案。1605年11月5日，几个狂热的天主教徒企图在议会大厦炸死国家和大臣，盖伊福克斯已在地下室放了桶。直接结果是福克斯和同伙被立即处死，以及更严厉的反天主教法律的颁布。
P57
In December 1653, by an Instrument of Government, Cromwell became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England.
克伦威尔，1653年12越，根据《政府文告》，他成了英格兰共和国护国公；
P59
James II, brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic, and hoped to be able to rule without giving up his personal religious views. He was mistaken. England was no more tolerant of a Catholic as king in 1688 than 40years ago. The English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, James’s Dutch nephew
and the husband of Mary, Jmes’s daughter, to invade and take the English throne. William landed at Torbay on November 15, 1688 and marched upon London.In England this takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed nor any execution of the King. This became known as the Glorious Revolution.
光荣革命——詹姆斯二世在欧洲流亡时长大，是天主教徒，他希望在不放弃个人宗教信仰的情况下通知英国。他错了，1688年的英国和40年前一样，都不能容忍天主教国王。英国政客反对詹姆斯二世，他们呼吁信奉新教的国王，即奥兰治亲王威廉入侵英国夺取王位，威廉是詹姆斯的荷兰侄子，也是詹姆斯女儿玛丽的丈夫。1688年11月15日，威廉在托儿比登录并占领伦敦。这一占领相当顺利，既未流血也未处死国王，这就是“光荣革命”。
P62
The Whigs were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party, which still bears the nickname today.
辉格党人在19世纪中叶与政见不同的托利党人结盟组成自由党。托利党为保守党的前身，至今保守党还保留托利党这个绰号；
P67
Changes occurred earliest and quickest in textiles, especially cotton and silk and in other trades like hardware, pottery and chemicals.
纺织业的变革最早也最快，特别是棉布和丝绸业，其他像五金、陶瓷和化工等行业变革也很快。
P71
The Chartist movement
宪章运动1836-1842
It aimed “to seek by every legal means to place all classed of society in possession of equal political and social rights”
1836年，一技术工人和小店主组成伦敦工人协会，其目标是“运用每一种合法手段，追求社会各阶级的政治平等权和社会平等权”。
P106
The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign, by His or Her Majesty's Government.
联合王国是以君主的名义，由国王陛下或女王陛下政府治理；
P110
The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, State.
英国是个中央集权国家，而不是联邦制国家。
P115
In the House of Commons, all speeches are addressed to the Speaker who is elected at the beginning of each new Parliament to preside over the House and enforce the rules of order.
下议院所有发言都是对议长的。每届新议会，一开始就选出下议院议长，他主持下议院并要求议院遵守秩序。
P117
The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet.
首相主持内阁
P145
There are two established churches in Britain, that is, churches legally recognized as official churches of the State: in England the Church of England, and in Scotland the(Presbyterian) Church of Scotland.
英国有两大教会，即国家法律上承认的官方教会：在英格兰是英格兰国教，在苏格兰是苏格兰教会（长老教）
P146
The Church of England is not free to change its form of worship, as laid down in the Book of Common Prayer, without the consent of Parliament.
没有议会同意，英格兰教会不可随意改变《国教祈祷书》中规定的礼拜仪式。
P147
The Anglican Churches
In the British Isles there are three unestablished Anglican churches: the Church of Ireland, the Episcopal Church in Scotland and the Church in Wales.
非国教教会
在不列颠渚岛有三个非国教的圣公会：爱尔兰教会，苏格兰的主教派教会和威尔士教会；
P148
The Army is served by 1,800 officers (ordained ministers) and runs more than 1,000 worship centers.
救世军有1800中军官（授职教士），并开设1800多处礼拜中心。
P161选择题
Quality newspapers are directed at readers who want full information on a wide range of public matters. 5 quality dailies (Financial Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Independent and The Times) and 4 quality Sundays (Sunday Telegraph, The Independent on Sunday, The Observer and The Sunday Times)
Popular newspapers appeal to people wanting news of more entertaining character, presented more concisely. 3 popular dailies: Daily Mirror, Daily Star and The Sun), 3 popular Sundays: News of the World, Sunday Mirror and The People.
严肃报纸面向那些想广泛了解公共事务，获取充分信息的读者。有5份严肃报《金融时报》，《每日电报》，《卫报》，《独立报》，和《泰晤士报》。4份严肃星期日报：《星期日电讯报》，《星期日独立报》，《观察家》和《星期日泰晤日报》。
通俗报纸能吸引那些想获取更有娱乐性和简明新闻的人们。有3份通俗日报：《每日镜报》，《每日星报》和《太阳报》。3份通俗星期日报：《世界新闻报》，《星期日镜报》和《人民报》。

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