Nice to see you all back again
Chapter One    Introduction
1. the origin of pragmatics
1) about the term “pragmatics”语用学
The term "Pragmatics" was first used by Charles William Morris
" Foundations of the Theory of Sign"( 1938) .characterise
Semiotics  syntax  semantics  users
2) the establishment
Pragmatics, as a comparatively new and independent discipline of linguistics, appeared in1970s with the publication of "Journal of Pragmatics" in Hetherlands in1977. Before that time the study of pragmatics was limited in the field of linguistic philosophy.
3) The three stages in the development of pragmatics:
the first stage is from the late 1930s to late 1940s
----Pierce, Morris and Carnap considered pragmatics to be a branch of semiology符号学and all the studies were within the domain of philosophy;
The second stage is from the beginning of 1950s to late 1960s
----Austin, Searle and Grice made studied on speech act and implicature theory, and their achievements sustained the basic theory of pragmatics. The studies were still within the domain of philosophy then;
The third stage is after 1970s
----the biggest three events happened and pragmatics became an independent discipline.
a) In 1977 Mey and Haberland started the Journal of Pragmatics in Holand.
b) In 1983 Levinson and Leech published their respective
works Pragmatics and Principle of Pragmatics, which set up the theoretic system of pragmatics.
c) the set-up of the International Pragmatics Association in 1986 in Belgium.
2. What is Pragmatics
Some definitions of Pragmatics:
1) Pragmatics is the study of  all  those  aspects  of  meaning  not captured in a semantic theory.
2) Pragmatics is the study of  the  relations  between
language  and context that are basic to an account of lang understanding.
3) Pragmatics is the study of linguistic acts and the contexts
in which they are performed.
4) Pragmatics is a theory which seeks to characterise how
speakers use the sentences of a language to effect successful communication.
5)  Pragmatics is the study of language use and linguistic communication.
6) Pragmatics can be defined as the  study of how
utterances  have meanings in situations.
What do we find in common in the above definitions of Pragmatics？meaning  context
Briefly speaking, pragmatics refers to the study language in use, or the meaning in context, or the use of language in communication, or the relationship between linguistic elements and the contexts or situations in which they are used.
Language use----language system
the distinguishing feature of language use from language system is:
“One can mean more than one says”
Examples:
（1）只可意会，不可言传，言有尽而意无尽，
词不达意，不知从何说起。
(2) (1999年4月，朱总理访问美国时在MIT作关于中美贸易的演讲的开场白)
1947年我在清华上学时，清华被称为中国的MIT。教科书大部分来自MIT。……我当时就憧憬有一天能来MIT学习，拿个学位。但是，校长先生请不要误会，我绝对不是
要个荣誉的学位。……如果我要拿学位，一定要经过考试、答辩。
(3) Is this your pen?
as a unit in the language system, is a question concerning the ownership of a pen.
In actual situations, however, it may have several different meanings.
----"May I use your pen?" request
----"Don't leave it behind." reminding
----"Pick it up!". commanding
Why one can mean more than one says in linguistic communication? This is what Pragmatics tries to explain. In other words, pragmatics tries to find out the underlying principles of this linguistic phenome
non, or the principles of language use.
3. Pragmatics and Semantics
three different views :
1) Pragmatics is part of Semantics
2) Semantics is part of Pragmatics
3) Pragmatics and Semantics are two distinctive and
complementary areas of linguistics.
The diference between the two:
different levels.
Generally speaking, semantics deals with meaning as a dyadic relation between a form and its meaning, that is, " What does X mean?----X means Y",  while  pragmatics  regards  meaning  as    a triadic relation between speaker, meaning and form/utterance, that is, "What do you mean by  X?----S
means Y by X. ".
semantics studies linguistic meaning, including word meaning and sentence meaning, which is the conceptual meaning, abstract meaning and context-independent meaning;
while pragmatics studies utterance’s or speaker's meaning, which is the meaning in language use and which is context dependent and concrete.
Now let's use an example to illustrate the difference between the two.

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