高中英语阅读技巧：⑨ 根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义——短语意思猜测题
一、解题技巧
这类题主要考查考生结合上下文理解短语意思的能力。解这类题时可采用以下技巧：
1. 寻解释性短语或句子。考生可结合语境或句子结构寻针对该短语的解释性短语或句子，然后据此推断其含义。
2. 寻上下文中的信息暗示。文章的每个段落都是一个有机的整体，因此正确理解上下文意思是推断短语意思的关键。
3. 理解短语中关键词的含义。如果这个关键词是学过的单词，那么它在文章中的意思可能是学过的词义的引申义或比喻义。
二、真题分析
以下内容均选编自高考真题，我们将结合上面提到的解题技巧对各题进行分析解答。
[A]
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.
I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).
For weeks, I've been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them? And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I c
hose a red rubber ball — simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.
We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.
1. What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. The more, the better.   
B. Enough is enough.
C. More money, more worries.
D. Earn more and spend more.
【分析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章介绍了作者如何教育自己的孩子用更少的物质过更丰富的生活。
解答本题可用“寻上下文中的信息暗示”法和“理解短语中关键词的含义”法。根据第一段第三句The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less可知，作者不认同前面more is more这种观点；再根据第一句可知，成人能够理解物质过剩的感受，可是当涉及孩子时，我们却会认为孩子拥有的东西越多越好，故选A项。
[B]
In the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted (享有) a special meat soup called consomme. Although the main attraction was the soup, Roze's chain shops also set a new standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.
Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Take visual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta (意大利面食) when their plates matched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.
Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldn't tell how much they'd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the wiser — they didn't feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.
Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places, fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart (莫扎特). When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out. Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender (薰衣草) stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.
Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending — “bad” tables, crowding, high prices — don't necessarily. Diners at bad tables — next to the kitchen door, say — spent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not “be overly concerned about ‘bad’ tables,” given that they're profitable. As for crow
ds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurant's reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices. And doubling a buffet's price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.
types是什么意思2. The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were _____.
A. not aware of eating more than usual
B. not willing to share food with others
C. not conscious of the food quality
D. not fond of the food provided
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过引入现代餐馆的鼻祖马蒂兰·罗兹制定的标准以及学者对于餐馆的研究来介绍现代餐馆在经营中影响食客消费的几个因素。
解答本题可用“寻上下文中的信息暗示”法。根据第三段中的those given extra-large shares
ate more than everyone else, but were none the wiser — they didn't feel fuller可知，那些被给以大份饭菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他们没觉得更饱，这说明在黑暗的就餐环境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少，所以此处的none the wiser是“不清楚，不知道”之意，故选A项。

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