智能交通信号控制中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
原文：
Intelligent Traffic Signal Control Using Wireless Sensor
controller翻译中文
Networks
Vignesh.Viswanathan and Vigneshwar. Santhanam
Abstract:The growing vehicle population in all developing and developed countries calls for a major change in the existing traffic signaling systems. The most widely used automated system uses simple timer based operation which is inefficient for non-uniform traffic. Advanced automated systems in testing use image processing
techniques or advanced communication systems in vehicles to communicate with signals and ask for routing. This might not be implementable in developing countries as they prove to be complex and expensive. The concept proposed in this paper involves use of wireless sensor networks to sense presence of traffic near junctions and hence route the traffic based on traffic density in the desired direction. This system does not require any system in vehicles so can be implemented in any traffic syste
m easily. This system uses wireless sensor networks technology to sense vehicles and    a microcontroller based routing algorithm for traffic management.
Keywords:Intelligent traffic signals, intelligent routing, smart signals, wireless sensor networks.
I. INTRODUCTION
The traffic density is escalating at an alarming rate in developing countries which calls for the need of intelligent traffic signals to replace the conventional manual and timer based systems. Experimental systems in existence involve image processing based density identification for routing of traffic which might be inefficient in situations like fog, rain or dust. The other conceptual system which is based on interaction of vehicles with traffic signals and each other require hardware modification on each vehicle and cannot be practically implemented in countries
like India which have almost 100 million vehicles on road [1]. The system proposed here involves localized traffic routing for each intersection based on wireless sensor networks. The proposed system has a central controller at every junction which receives data from tiny wireless sensor nodes placed on the road. The sensor nodes have sensors that can detect the presence of vehicle and the transmitter wirelessly transmits the traffic density to the central controller. The controller makes use of t
he proposed algorithm to find ways to regulate traffic efficiently.
II. THE NEED FOR AN ALTERNATE SYSTEM
T he most prevalent traffic signaling system in developing countries is the timer based system. This system involves a predefined time setting for each road at an
intersection. While this might prove effective for light traffic, heavy traffic requires an adaptive system that will work based on the density of traffic on each road. The first system proposed for adaptive signaling was based on digital image processing techniques. This system works based on the captured visual input from the roads and processing them to find which road has dense traffic. This system fails during environmental interaction like rain or fog. Also this system in testing does not prove efficient. The advanced system in testing at Pittsburgh [2] involves signals communicating with each other and also with the vehicles. The proposed system does not require a network between signals and vehicles and is a standalone system at each intersection.
III. THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
This paper presents the concept of intelligent traffic routing using wireless sensor networks. The primar
y elements of this system are the sensor nodes or motes consisting of sensors and a transmitter. The sensors interact with the physical environment while the transmitter pages the sensor’s data to the central controller. This system involves the 4 x 2 array of sensor nodes in each road. This signifies 4 levels of traffic and 2 lanes in each road. The sensors are ultrasonic or IR based optical sensors which transmits status based on presence of vehicle near it. The sensor nodes transmit at specified time intervals via ZigBee protocol to the central controller placed at every intersection. The controller receives the signal and computes which road and which lane has to be given green signal based on the density of traffic. The controller makes use of the discussed algorithm to perform the intelligent traffic routing.
IV. COMPONENTS INVOLVED IN THE SYSTEM
The proposed system involves wireless sensor networks which are comprised of three basic components: the sensor nodes or motes, power source and a central controller. The motes in turn are comprised of Sensors and transceiver module. The sensors sense the vehicles at intersections and transceiver transmit the sensor’s data to
the central controller through a wireless medium. The Power source provides the power needed for the
sensor nodes and is mostly regenerative. The central controller performs all the computations for the sensor networks. The controller receives the input from all sensors and processes simultaneously to make the required decisions.
A.Sensors
Sensors are hardware devices that produce a measurable response to a change in a physical condition like temperature or pressure. Sensors measure physical data of the parameter to be monitored. The continual analog signal produced by the sensors is digitized by an analog-to-digital converter and sent to controllers for further processing. A sensor node should be small in size, consume extremely low energy, operate in high volumetric densities, be autonomous and operate unattended, and be adaptive to the environment. As wireless sensor nodes are typically very small electronic devices, they can only be equipped with a limited power source of less than 0.5-2 ampere-hour and 1.2-3.7 volts. Sensors are classified into three categories: passive Omni-directional sensors; passive narrow-beam sensors; and active sensors [3].
The sensors are implemented in this system placed beneath the roads in an intersection or on the lane dividers on each road. The sensors are active obstacle detectors that detect the presence of vehicles i
n their vicinity. The sensors are set in four levels on each road signifying four levels of traffic from starting from the STOP line. The fourth level indicates high density traffic and signifies higher priority for the road to the controller. The sensors required for obstacle detection can be either ultrasonic or Infrared LASER based sensors for better higher efficiency.
B. Motes
A mote, also known as a sensor node is a node in a wireless sensor network that is capable of performing some processing, gathering sensory information and communicating with other connected nodes in the network. The main components of a sensor node are a microcontroller, transceiver, external memory, power source and
one or more sensors [3].
Fig. 1 Block Diagram of a Mote
C. Need for Motes
The primary responsibility of a Mote is to collect information from the various distributed sensors in any area and to transmit the collected information to the central controller for processing. Any type of sens
ors can be incorporated with these Motes based on the requirements. It is a completely new paradigm for distributed sensing and it opens up a fascinating new way to look at sensor networks.
D. Advantages of Motes
●The core of a mote is a small, low-cost, low-power controller.
●The controller monitors one or more sensors. It is easy to interface all sorts of
sensors, including sensors for temperature, light, sound, position, acceleration, vibration, stress, weight, pressure, humidity, etc. with the mote.
●The controller connects to the central controller with a radio link. The most
common radio links allow a mote to transmit at a distance of about 3 to 61 meters.
Power consumption, size and cost are the barriers to longer distances. Since a fundamental concept with motes is tiny size and associated tiny cost, small and low-power radios are normal.
●As motes shrink in size and power consumption, it is possible to imagine solar
power or even something exotic like vibration power to keep them running. It is

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