Python调⽤shell命令常⽤⽅法（4种）
⽅法⼀、使⽤os模块的system⽅法：os.system（cmd），其返回值是shell指令运⾏后返回的状态码，int类型，0表⽰shell指令成功执⾏，256表⽰未到，该⽅法适⽤于shell命令不需要输出内容的场景。
举例说明：
1. 列举当前⽬录下的所有⽂件。
import os
val = os.system('ls -al')
print val
没有到时，sh返回的状态码是1，⽽适⽤python调⽤，返回的是：256
⽅法⼆、使⽤os.popen()，该⽅法以⽂件的形式返回shell指令运⾏后的结果，需要获取内容时可使⽤read()或readlines（）⽅法，举例如下：
⽅法三、使⽤commands模块，有三个⽅法可以使⽤：
（1）statusoutput(cmd)，其以字符串的形式返回的是输出结果和状态码，即（status,output）。
（2）utput(cmd)，返回cmd的输出结果。
（3）status(file)，返回ls -l file的执⾏结果字符串，调⽤了getoutput，不建议使⽤此⽅法
⽅法四、subprocess模块，允许创建很多⼦进程，创建的时候能指定⼦进程和⼦进程的输⼊、输出、错误输出管道，执⾏后能获取输出结果和执⾏状态。
（1）subprocess.run()：python3.5中新增的函数，执⾏指定的命令，等待命令执⾏完成后返回⼀个包含执⾏结果的CompletedProcess类的实例。
（2）subprocess.call()：执⾏指定的命令，返回命令执⾏状态，功能类似os.system（cmd）。
（3）subprocess.check_call()：python2.5中新增的函数, 执⾏指定的命令, 如果执⾏成功则返回状态码，否则抛出异常。
说明：subprocess.run(args, *, stdin=None, input=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, shell=False, timeout=None, check=False,
universal_newlines=False)
  subprocess.call(args, *, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, shell=False, timeout=None)
  subprocess.check_call(args, *, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, shell=False, timeout=None)
  args：表⽰shell指令，若以字符串形式给出shell指令，如"ls -l "则需要使shell = Ture。否则默认已数组形式表⽰shell变量，如"ls","-l"。
  当使⽤⽐较复杂的shell语句时，可以先使⽤shlex模块的shlex.split()⽅法来帮助格式化命令，然后在传递给run()⽅法或Popen。
附上python2.7中的subprocess模块源码供理解（pycharm查看⽅法源码，ctrl+左键）。# Stubs for subprocess
# Based on /2/library/subprocess.html and Python 3 stub
from typing import Sequence, Any, Mapping, Callable, Tuple, IO, Union, Optional, List, Text
_FILE = Union[None, int, IO[Any]]
_TXT = Union[bytes, Text]
_CMD = Union[_TXT, Sequence[_TXT]]
_ENV = Union[Mapping[bytes, _TXT], Mapping[Text, _TXT]]
# Same args as Popen.__init__
def call(args: _CMD,
bufsize: int = ...,
executable: _TXT = ...,
stdin: _FILE = ...,
stdout: _FILE = ...,
stderr: _FILE = ...,
preexec_fn: Callable[[], Any] = ...,
close_fds: bool = ...,
shell: bool = ...,
cwd: _TXT = ...,
env: _ENV = ...,
universal_newlines: bool = ...,
startupinfo: Any = ...,
creationflags: int = ...) -> int: ...
def check_call(args: _CMD,
bufsize: int = ...,
executable: _TXT = ...,
stdin: _FILE = ...,
stdout: _FILE = ...,
stderr: _FILE = ...,
preexec_fn: Callable[[], Any] = ...,
close_fds: bool = ...,
shell: bool = ...,
cwd: _TXT = ...,
env: _ENV = ...,
universal_newlines: bool = ...,
startupinfo: Any = ...,
creationflags: int = ...) -> int: ...
# Same args as Popen.__init__ except for stdout
def check_output(args: _CMD,
bufsize: int = ...,
executable: _TXT = ...,
stdin: _FILE = ...,
stderr: _FILE = ...,
preexec_fn: Callable[[], Any] = ...,
close_fds: bool = ...,
shell: bool = ...,
cwd: _TXT = ...,
env: _ENV = ...,
universal_newlines: bool = ...,
startupinfo: Any = ...,
creationflags: int = ...) -> bytes: ...
PIPE = ... # type: int
STDOUT = ... # type: int
class CalledProcessError(Exception):
returncode = 0
# morally: _CMD
cmd = ... # type: Any
# morally: Optional[bytes]
output = ... # type: Any
def __init__(self,
returncode: int,
cmd: _CMD,
output: Optional[bytes] = ...) -> None: ...
shell脚本返回执行结果
class Popen:
stdin = ... # type: Optional[IO[Any]]
stdout = ... # type: Optional[IO[Any]]
stderr = ... # type: Optional[IO[Any]]
pid = 0
returncode = 0
def __init__(self,
args: _CMD,
bufsize: int = ...,
executable: Optional[_TXT] = ...,
stdin: Optional[_FILE] = ...,
stdout: Optional[_FILE] = ...,
stderr: Optional[_FILE] = ...,
preexec_fn: Optional[Callable[[], Any]] = ...,
close_fds: bool = ...,
shell: bool = ...,
cwd: Optional[_TXT] = ...,
env: Optional[_ENV] = ...,
universal_newlines: bool = ...,
startupinfo: Optional[Any] = ...,
creationflags: int = ...) -> None: ...
def poll(self) -> int: ...
def wait(self) -> int: ...
# morally: -> Tuple[Optional[bytes], Optional[bytes]]
def communicate(self, input: Optional[_TXT] = ...) -> Tuple[Any, Any]: ...
def send_signal(self, signal: int) -> None: ...
def terminate(self) -> None: ...
def kill(self) -> None: ...
def __enter__(self) -> 'Popen': ...
def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback) -> bool: ...
# Windows-only: STARTUPINFO etc.
STD_INPUT_HANDLE = ... # type: Any
STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE = ... # type: Any
STD_ERROR_HANDLE = ... # type: Any
SW_HIDE = ... # type: Any
STARTF_USESTDHANDLES = ... # type: Any
STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW = ... # type: Any
CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE = ... # type: Any
CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP = ... # type: Any
shell脚本使⽤python脚本的参数
写⼀个hello.sh脚本，需要传⼊两个参数：
执⾏结果如下：
在python脚本中调⽤shell脚本，并传⼊参数，注意参数前后要有空格
执⾏python脚本
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