语言学-名词解释
1. Language is a scientific system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
2. Minimal pairs are the word forms which differ from each other only by one sound. In other words, when two different forms re identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string; the two words are called minimal pairs.
3. A morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that carries grammatical and/or semantic meaning.
4. IPA: A phonetic transcription is an economical means for capturing sounds on paper, that is, a method of writing down speech sounds in a systematic and consistent way. The best-known system, the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), has been developing since 1888.
register的名词
5. SLA: second language acquisition to refer to the process of acquiring or learning an additional language after the learner has acquired his or her mother tongue.
6. Linguistics is the science of language for all human societies, and is defined as the systematic study of language.
7. Diachronic study: the description of the historical development of a language. Linguistic study in the 19th century was primarily concerned with the diachronic description.
8. Synchronic study: the description of a particular state of a language at a single point of time. The priority of synchronic description is a characteristic of most twentieth-century linguistic theories.
9. Syntagmatic relation: the relations between units which combine to form sequences
10. Paradigmatic relation: oppositions which produce distinct and alternative terms
11. Competence refers to the knowledge that native speakers have of their language as system of abstract formal relations. That is the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
12. Performance refers to what we do when we speak or listen, that is, the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances.
13. A corpus refers to a collection of linguistic data, either complicated as written texts or as a transcription of recorded speech.
14. A phonetic transcription is an economical means for capturing sounds on paper, that is, a method of writing down speech sounds in a systematic and consistent way.
15. Phoneme is the minimum phonemic unit that is not further analyzable into smaller units. It is the basic unit in phonological analysis.
16. Sound patterns refer to the set of sounds that occur in a given language, the permissible arrangements of these sounds in words, and the processes for adding, deleting, or changing sounds.
17. Stress is the pronunciation of a word or syllable with more force than the surrounding words or syllables.
18. Pitch is a suprasegmental quality which extends over individual segments and longer stretches of speech.
19. Inflection refers to the process of adding an affix to a word or changing it in some other way according to the rules of the grammar of a language.
20. Proverbs are normally in the form of a sentence. A proverb is often a short sentence that people often quote and use to give advice and state some general human life experience and problem.
21. Synonymy: words or expressions with the same or similar meaning are said to be synonymy.
22. Homonymy refers to cases where lexemes with the same phonological or morphological shape have different meanings.
23. a speech act：An action performed by the use of an utterance to communicate is called a speech act.
24. Dialect refers to any regional, social or ethnic variety of a language.
25. Register refers to the functional variety of language that is defined according to its use in context. Registers vary according to the three parameters of context: field, tenor and mode (Halliday, 1978).
26. Language planning refers to a deliberate attempt, usually at the level of the state or government administration, to affect language use in order to prevent or to solve some problems of communication.
27. Hyponymy is used to refer to a specific—general semantic relationship between lexical items.
1. What is the scope of linguistics? Answer: there are six branches of linguistics. 1)Phonetics is the study of human speech sounds.2)Phonology is the study of sound patterning.3)Morphology is the study of the internal structures of the form of words.4)Syntax is the study of sentence structure.5)Semantics is the study of meaning.6)
Pragmatics studies how speakers use language in ways which can not be predicted from linguistic knowledge alone.

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