morpheme词素
free morpheme自由词素
（用法use alone as simple word简单词
充当root词根＋affix词缀（为derivational affix）＝derivative派生词
free morpheme＋other free morpheme＝compound word复合词）
bound morpheme粘附词素
（分类＝词缀affix＋组合形式combining form）
（①用法inflectional affix屈折词缀；derivational affix派生词缀（prefix前缀suffix 后缀）＋root＝derivative②充当root即bound root粘附词根＋affix＝primitive derivative原始派生词；＋word＝compound word；＋combining form＝neo-classical compound新古典复合词）
Δallomorph词素变体
word单词
（构词法simple word、derivation、compound word（compound noun/adjective/verb/adverb/pronoun/conjun ction连词/preposition介词）
（语法功能closed class封闭词类→function word功能词（preposition、pronoun、determiner限定词、conjunction、auxiliary 助动词）、open class开放词类→content word 实义词（noun、adjective、adverb、main verb 主动词、cardinal numeral基数词、ordinal numeral序数词）
interjection感叹词介于两者之间transitional word过渡词
phrase词组（head或headword中心词）noun/adjective/adverb/verb/prepositional phrase
clause分句
independent clause独立分句dependent/subordinate clause从属分句（从句）
register的名词main clause主句simple clause简单分句
simple sentence简单句
complex clause复杂分句
complex sentence复杂句
finite clause限定分句
non-finite clause非限定分句（infinitive clause 不定式分句、-ing participle clause-ing分词分句、-ed participle clause-ed分词分句）verbless clause无动词分句
nominal clause名词性分句
clause element分句成分（central element中心成分→subject、predicate verb/predicator 谓语动词、object、complement（subject complement＋object complement）、adverbial（adjunct/depictive adverbial））peripheral element外围成分→stance adverbial/disjunct评注性状语、linking adverbial/conjunct连接性状语……parenthesis插入语）
basic clause type分句基本类型
subject主语predicate谓语double predicate双重谓语complementation补足成分
Δnotional subject实义主语（real subject真主语）logical subject逻辑主语
sentence句子
full sentence完全句（simple sentence、compound sentence并列句、complex sentence、compound-complex sentence并列复杂句）
minor sentence不完全句
主谓一致（主-动-致subject-verb concord）concord/agreement一致
grammatical concord语法一致
notional concord意义一致
principle of proximity就近原则coordinate subject并列结构做主语
noun phrase of amount or quantity表示数量概念的名词词组
noun→noun phrase→complex noun phrase 词汇意义proper noun专有名词、common
noun（individual noun、collective noun、mass noun/material noun、abstract noun）
语法特征count/countable noun、non-count/uncountable noun
number数→语法范畴
singular number单数
plural number复数（regular plural、irregular plural）
partitive单位词（unit noun单位名词）case格→语法术语
nominative case主格、genitive/possessive case属格/所有格、dative case与格、accusation case宾格→old English古英语genitive/possessive case、common case通格→modern English现代英语independent genitive独立属格
double genitive双重属格
determiner
referential meaning所指意义→specific reference特指、generic reference类指definite quantity确定数量indefinite quantity非确定数量
分类：predeterminer前位限定词、central determiner、postdeterminer
article冠词definite article定冠词indefinite article不定冠词zero article 零冠词
definite specific reference确定特指（anaphoric specific reference后照应特指、cataphoric specific reference前照应特指、situational reference语境特指）indefinite specific reference非确定特指adjective形容词（open class）
词的构成→one-word adjective单词形容词、compound adjective复合形容词
句法功能→central adjective中心形容词、peripheral adjective外围形容词
词汇意义→dynamic adjective动态形容词、stative adjective静态形容词
词汇意义→gradable adjective等级形容词、non-gradable adjective非等级形容词modifier修饰语premodifier前置修饰语postmodifier后置修饰语
subject complement、object complement
Δcausative construction使役结构
adverb→adverb phrase
词的构成→simple adverb简单副词、derivative adverb派生副词
词汇意义→adverb of mannar方式副词、adverb of degree程度副词、adverb of frequency频度副词、adverb of time时间副词、conjunctive adverb连接副词（the head/headword of the verb phrase when used as a linking adverbial/conjunct）usage①modifier②adverbial （adjunct/depictive adverbial修饰性状语、disjunct/stance adverbial评注性状语、conjunct/linking adverbial连接性状语）
比较等级和比较结构
比较等级：当adjective和adverb用于比较结构时采取的特殊的语法形式
比较结构：形容词和副词比较等级用于句子当中便形成了比较结构
gradable可等级的
positive/absolute degree原级comparative degree比较级
superlative degree最高级comparative degree and superlative degree both have two forms→regular form and irregular form
regular form has two expressions①synthetic form综合形式（add suffixes-er or-est to the positive/absolute degree）②analytic form分析形式（add more or most before positive/absolute degree）comparative construction比较结构gradable noun可等级名词
Δnucleus调核
代词pronoun（closed class封闭词类）personal pronoun人称代词（person人称形式→first/second/third第一/二/三人称）possessive pronoun物主代词＝genitive
pronoun属格代词（按语法功能分类→nominal genitive pronoun名词性属格代词、determiner genitive pronoun限定词性属格代词词）
possessive determiner物主限定词（my、your 等）
reflexive form反身形式
reflexive pronoun反身代词（9个）（用法→emphatic use强调性用法、unemphatic use 非强调性用法）
reciprocal pronoun相互代词demonstrative pronoun指示代词demonstrative determiner指示限定词demonstrative指示词
interrogative pronoun疑问代词
relative pronoun关系代词
indefinite pronoun不定代词（分类→numeral 数次和quantifier量词、compound pronoun 复合代词）
referent对象＝antecedent先行项pronoun reference代词照应（anaphoric reference前照应、cataphoric reference后照应、situational reference情景照应；personal reference人称照应、demonstrative reference 指示照应）
Δnoun of common gender通性名词、pro-verb代动词
介词preposition
simple/complex preposition简单/复杂介词、two-word/three-word/four-word preposition 双词/三词/四词介词
Δanalytic language分析性语言、word order 词序（nomal order正常词序＝natural order 自然词序）
动词与动词词组
verb动词（main verb主动词、auxiliary助动词→primary auxiliary基本主动词、modal auxiliary情态助动词、semi-auxiliary半助动词＝semi-modal半情态助动词）Δmarginal modal auxiliary边际情态助动词（need、dare 等）
verb phrase动词词组（simple verb phrase简单动词词组、complex verb phrase复杂动词词组、finite verb phrase限定动词词组、non-finite verb phrase非限定动词词组）notional verb实义动词
contracted form缩略形式
transitive verb及物动词（monotransitive verb 单宾语及物动词、ditransitive verb双宾语及物动词、complex-transitive verb复杂及物动词）intransitive verb不及物动词、linking verb 连系动词
dynamic verb动态动词、stative verb静态动词
single-word verb单词动词、phrasal verb词组动词
（verbal idiom成语动词）
regular verb规则动词、irregular verb不规则动词
finite verb限定动词、non-finite verb非限定动词
finite form限定形式、non-finite form非限定形式
base form原形
grammatical form语法形式（5种）
Δmodal idiom情态成语
时tense、体aspect
present tense现在时、past tense过去时progressive aspect进行体、perfective aspect 完成体
simple present/past一般现在时/过去时present/past progressive现在/过去进行体present/past perfective现在/过去完成体present/past perfective progressive现在/过去完成进行体
future tense将来时pure future单纯将来
语态voice
active/passive voice主动/被动态
active/passive sentence主动/被动句
BE-passive be-型被动态GET-passive get-型被动态
mood式（语气）
subjunctive mood虚拟语气、indicative mood 陈述语气、imperative mood祈使语气hypothetical meaning假设意义＝non-factual meaning非事实意义
BE-subjunctive be-型虚拟、were-subjunctive were-型虚拟
情态意义表示法
ability能力、possibility可能、permission许可、obligation义务、necessity必然、prediction 预见、assumption推测、willingness意愿、intention意图、determination决心epistemic推测性、non-epistemic非推测性Δparaphrase意译
非限定形式non-finite form
①infinitive不定式
to-infinitive带to不定式、bare infinitive不带to不定式Δsplit infinitive分裂不定式
②-ing participle-ing分词（present participle 现在分词、gerund动名词）
③-ed participle-ed分词（past participle过去分词）
dangling participle悬垂分词（unattached participle无依着分词）
attachment rule依着法则
Δabsolute construction独立结构
relative clause关系分句（restrictive relative clause限制性关系分句、non-restrictive relative clause非限制性关系分句）double relative clause双重关系分句embedded relative clause/pushdown relative clause嵌入式关系分句
relative word关系词（relative pronoun关系代词、relative adverb关系副词、relative determiner关系限定词）
attributive clause定语从句
antecedent先行项、old information旧信息、given/known information已知信息register语域style语体
statement陈述句（declarative sentence）emphasizer强调词、reinforcement tag强调附加结构、double negative双重否定、rhetorical question修辞疑问句、operator操作词、intonation pattern调型（low fall低降调、high fall高降调、low rise低升调、fall rise 降升调）
question疑问句（interrogative sentence）（分类→general/special/alternative/tag一般＝yes-no question是非问句/特殊＝wh-question wh问句/选择/附加疑问句）command祈使句（imperative sentence）、exclamation感叹句（exclamatory sentence）interrogative exclamation问句型感叹句、echo exclamation重复感叹句
existential sentence存在句
complex existential sentence复杂存在句finite existential sentence限定存在句
non-finite existential sentence非限定存在句locative adverbial地点状语
temporal adverbial时间状语
Δrheme述位
IT-句型和否定结构
non-referring it非指代性it
assertive word肯定词
non-assertive word非肯定词
negative word否定词
semi-negative半否定词
scope of negation否定范围
focus of negation否定焦点
transferred negation转移否定
double negation双重否定
local negation局部否定
pleonastic/superfluous negation多余否定
并列结构coordinate structure coordinator并列连词
correlative coordinator关联并列连词quasi-coordinator近似并列连词compound sentence并列句
asyndetic coordination不带连词的并列结构syndetic coordinate带连词的并列结构predication述谓成分
parallelism排比（作为修辞手法的并列结构）、parallel construction排比结构
climax高潮
从属结构subordinate construction subordination从属
subordinator从属连词
simple subordinator简单从属连词（one-word subordinator单词从属连词）
complex subordinator复杂从属连词correlative subordinator关联从属连词marginal subordinator边际从属连词
same time同时性
earlier time先时性
later time后时性
nominal relative clause名词性关系分句nominal that-clause名词性that分句nominal wh-clause名词性wh-分句adverbial clause of time/place/manner/cause/result/purpose/co ndition/concession/accompanying circumstances时间/地点/方式/原因/结果/目的/条件/让步/伴随状语分句
条件句conditional
real conditional真实条件句
unreal conditional非真实条件句
implied conditional含蓄条件句
basic form基本形式
variant form变体形式alternative form替换形式
直接引语和间接引语
direct speech直接引语
indirect speech间接引语
reporting word引述动词
free direct speech自由直接引语
free indirect speech自由间接引语
修饰modification
squinting modification偏斜修饰、discontinuous modification分隔修饰、transferred modification转移修饰、partial modification局部修饰、multiple modification 多重修饰
premodifier前置修饰语、postmodifier后置修饰语、restrictive modifier限制性修饰语、non-restrictive modifier非限制性修饰语、transferred modifier/epithet转移修饰语、squinting modifier偏斜修饰语contrastive meaning对比意义
替代substitution
nominal/verbal/clausal名词性/动词性/分句性替代
substitute替代词（nominal/verbal/clausal substitute名词/动词/分句替代词）
省略ellipsis、situational ellipsis情景省略
强调emphasis、rhetorical repetition修辞重复
postponement后置、end focus句尾焦点、end weight句尾重心、periodic sentence尾重句、loose sentence松散句、trailing sentence 拖沓句
fronting前置、inversion倒装（full inversion 完全倒装、partial inversion部分倒装
cleft sentence分裂句、pseudo-cleft sentence 假分裂句focus element中心成分morphology词法、syntax句法、text语篇（＝discourse口语中）、sentence group句（语段）、paragraph段落、
correctness正确性、appropriacy适合性、unity统一性、coherence连贯性、cohesion 粘着性、mobility流动性、clearness清晰性logical connector逻辑纽带、grammatical connector语法纽带、lexical connector词汇纽带
literary language文学语言、textual rhetoric 语篇修辞
标点符号punctuation
period/full stop/stop句号、question mark问号、exclamation mark感叹号、comma逗号、semicolon分号、colon冒号、ellipsis省略号、dash破折号、brackets/parentheses括号、quotation mark引号、hyphen连字号、

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