有两种形式副词的意义辨析
有两种形式的副词的意义辨析
英语中,有些副词具有两种形式:一是与形容词同形;二是由该形容词后加-ly构成(以下称形容词形副词和-ly形副词)。这两种形式的副词有些含义相同或在某些情况下含义相同,有些则完全不同;有的含义相同但用法又有所不同,有的含义不同但用法又相同。如何正确运用这些副词,是同学们在平时学习中经常遇到的令人困惑的问题,因为这涉及到语体、语义和语用等方面的问题。
一、总体区别
1.与形容词同形的副词倾向于表静态意义,突出“感觉,状态、结果”;-ly形副词倾向于表动态意义,强调“方式、方法”。由于表达的语体,语义侧重点和感情彩不同,这两种副词有时可以互换使用,所以其内含的静动态意义也会随之变化。
2.与形容词同形的副词不能被一个程度状语所修饰,而-ly形副词则可以。
3.与形容词同形的副词多用在非正式语体中,而-ly形副词多用在正式语体中。
4.与形容词同形的副词一般表示较具体的概念,而-ly形副词则表示抽象或引申意义,有时还带有一定的感情彩。
5.在表示比较级和最高级时通常用与形容词同形的副词来取代-ly形副词。
6.在过去分词、作主语用的动名词和强调句中被强调的成分前通常只用-ly形副词而不用与形容词同形的副词。
二、具体区别
1.cheap和cheaply
cheap:adv, at very low price.
Cheaply: adv, it is now rarely used in modern English.
两者意思相同。但在实际运用中,一般只用cheap而不用cheaply,尤其是在口语中与动词buy 和sell等连用时,只用cheap。例如:
He sold the house very cheap.
Air fares to Africa don’t come cheap.
They are selling meat cheap when it gets dark.
2.clean和cleanly
clean: adv, used to emphasize the fact that an action or movement is complete or through.表示“完全、彻底地”的意思时,常与动词forget,介词over和through,副词away和out连用,
Cleanly: quickly and smoothly with a single movement.干净,利索,
其他的动词、介词和副词常与cleanly搭配使用。I am sorry,I clean forgot it .The knife doesn’t cut cleanly.
The thieves got clean away with 300,000 dollars.
The car hit her with such force that she was lifted clean off the ground.
the branch snapped cleanly in two: 树枝一下子折断成两截。
3.clear和clearly
两者表示"清楚地"的意思时,除上述六种情况外,一般情况下可以互用。例如:
We clear /clearly need to think over the plan again.我们显然需要对这个计划再三考虑。
然而,当clear表示"完全,彻底"的意思时,可与clean互换使用。例如:
He found the cat got clear /clean away
when he came back.当他回来时,他发现那只猫逃得无影无踪。
此外,当clear表示"隔开,不接触"的意思时,一般不能与clearly或clean互换使用。例如:Stand clear of the gate!别站在大门口!
You should keep clear of that fellow.你不要与那家伙来往。
4.close和closely
两者意思有时相同。close作副词用时表示"接近,紧密"的意思,但在过去分词前要
用closely。一般情况下closely用来表示"仔细地、细心地"的意思。例如:
close by/ close together/ close at hand/ close behind
stay/ keep close
Draw sb close
close up to
上列结构均表示位置很近。
closely controlled/ guarded/ monitored
closely involved
Working closely with sb
Closely resemble
closely related/ connected/ associated
上列结构均表示程度或关系。
5.dead和deadly
dead作副词时多用在某些词组里,表示“的确,完全”的意思;deadly一般作形容词用,意为“致命的”。用副词表达这个意思时要用fatally。只有修饰形容词时deadly才作副词表示“死一样地”的意思。例如:
The man lay on the ground dead drunk.那个人躺在地上,喝得烂醉。
On hearing the terrible news,his face went deadly pale.一听到那可怕的消息,他的脸变得像死人一样苍白。
dead right / wrong: 完全正确/错误
dead straight/ flat: 径直,非常平整。
dead quiet/ still/ calm: 非常安静,寂静,平静、
dead drunk, 酩酊大醉。
Deadly disease/ virus: 致命性的疾病,病毒。
deadly serious/ dull/ boring: very serious/ dull/ boring.
6.deep和deeply
accessible是什么意思英语两者的意思基本相同,但deep多用于谚语、习语和静态的描述中;deeply的意思比较抽象,多用来修饰表示颜的形容词或分词。例如:Still water runs deep.静水渊深。(大智若愚。)
They felt deeply grateful to the teacher.他们对那位老师感激万分。
some bones were hidden deep underneath the ground.
The raliway tunnel led deep under the mountains.
We were deep in a tropical rainforest.
Tom stared deep into her eyes.
Run/go deep: if a feeling such as hatred or anger runs deep in someone, they feel it very strongly, especially because of something that has happened in the past: 根深蒂固,深藏,刻骨铭心
The prejudice runs deep and we should understand the fear behind it.
Deep down: if you know or feel something deep down, you secrectly know or feel it even though you do not want to admit it.从内心来讲, ;在心底
He knew, deep down, that he would have to appologise.
deeply held religious belief: 深信不疑的宗教信仰。
think deeply:认真,深入思考
breathe deeply
sleep deeply: be in a deep sleep.
7.direct和directly
两者均可表示“径直地,直接地”,
We flew direct/ directly to paris.
You ‘d better write direct/directly to her.
You could phone her direct/ directly.
表示“ 一会儿,立即,马上” 只用directly.
I will be there directly.
Directly可用作连词。
Directly I walked in the door, I smelt smoke.
8.easy和easily
easy作副词时多用于一些习语中,表示“从容不迫,慢慢地,容易地”的意思;easily多用来表示人和物的能力、力量等,意为“容易地,不费劲地”。例如:
Don’t be so nervous,take it easy.别紧张,放松点。
I found it easily.我很容易地到了它。
Take it easy/ take things easy: relax, don’t be upset.
Easier said than done
Easy come, easy go: 来得快,去得快。
easily enough
easily accessible/available
easily understood/ indentified
9.fair和fairly
fair作副词时多用于一些习语中,本意为"公正地,公平地,光明正大地",其引申意则变化较大。常见的与fair搭配的习语有play fair(光明正大地比赛),fight fair(按规矩
格斗),deal fair with sb.(公平待人),fall fair(直挺挺地倒下),hit fair (不偏不倚正击中),speak sb.fair(对某人花言巧语)等。
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