【名词解释】
Word(词)：From the lexicological point of view, a word is a combination of form (phonological) and meaning (lexical and grammatical). In addition, a word acts as a structural unit of sentence.
Onomatopoeia(拟声法): People began talking by creating iconic signs to imitate the sounds heard around them in nature.
Concept(概念): A concept is an abstraction from things of the same kind.
Referent(指示物)：The concept is abstract from the person, thing, relationship, idea, event, and so on. We call this the referent.
Denotation(外延义): The denotation meaning of a word usually refers to the dictionary definition of a word.
Connotation(内涵义): The connotation meaning of a word refers to the emotional aspect of a word.
register的名词Lexical item(词项): A unit of vocabulary is generally referred to as a lexical item. Lexical item are often referred to, loosely, as words.
Vocabulary(词汇): The term vocabulary usually refers to a complete inventory of the words in a language. But it may also refer to the words and phrases used in the variants of a language, such as dialect, register, terminology, etc.
Morpheme(形位): A morpheme is the minimal significant element. It is also the smallest unit of grammatical analysis.
    Content morphemes(实义形位)：Content morphemes known as free morpheme(自由形位)are those that may constitute words by themselves.
    Grammatical morphemes(语法形位): Grammatical morphemes known as bound morphemes (粘附形位) are those that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free.
Morphs(形素): A morpheme needs to be represented in certain phonological and orthogr
aphical forms. The forms are called morphs.
Affix(词缀): Grammatical morphemes may also be called affixes; affixes are segments that added to a root.
Allomorphs(形位变体): The total variants of a morpheme are called allomorphs.
Affixation(词缀法): The process by which words are formed by adding affixes to a root is called~.
    Affixes that come before the root are called prefixes(前缀); those that come after the root are called Suffixes(后缀).
Conversion(转类法): Conversion means using a form that represents one part of speech as another part of speech without changing the form of the word.
Compounding (Composition合成法): Compounding is a process of word-formation by which two or more independent words are put together to make one word.
    Compound(合成词): Words formed by compounding are called compounds.
Back-formation(逆成法): Back-formation is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix.     
Abbreviation(Shorting缩略法):
    Clipped words (缩短词): Clipped words are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving
Only a piece of the old word.
    Initialisms(首字母连写词): Initialisms are words formed from the initial letters or words and
Pronounced as letters.
Acronyms(首字母拼音词)：Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of words and
Pronounced as words.
Blending(拼缀法): Blending is a process of word-formation by combining parts of other words.
Motivation(理据): Motivation deals with the connection between name and sense.
    Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据): Onomatopoeic motivation means defining the principle of motivation by sound.
    Semantic motivation(语义理据): Semantic motivation means that motivation is based on semantic factors.
      Metaphor(隐喻): Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.
      Metonymy(借代): Metonymy is the device in which we name something by one of its attributes.
      Synecdoche(提喻): Synecdoche means using a part for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing or the reverse of any of these.
      Analogy(类比): Analogy is a process whereby words are created in imitation of other words.
    Logical motivation(逻辑理据): Logic motivation deals with the problem of defining a concept by meaning of logic.
Semantic Features(语义特征): The linguistic meaning of a word is the set of abstracted characteristics necessary to distinguish the category which the word names from all other categories. This abstracted characteristics are known as semantic features.
Binary opposition(二分法): Binary opposition is a method to analyze the word by establishing a binary feature which holds between the noun pairs.

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