Batik of Miao Nationality Culture in Guizhou
Xia WANG
nation和nationality的区别China West Normal University
Abstract: China has a vast territory, as a multi-ethnic country, rich and diverse cultural types. One side of the soil and water nurtures one side, the local culture and each nation has its own unique culture. The batik of Guizhou Miao nationality is one of the arts representing the local minority culture. Guizhou is a famous “batik town” in China, with a long history of cultural development. Batik of Miao nationality has a high cultural and artistic value as an intangible cultural heritage. The traditional arts and crafts are also well known by more and more people, and batik has been applied to various fields, which fully embodies the traditional culture of Guizhou ethnic minorities and volatilizes the natural beauty of traditional technology.
Keywords: Batik Art Culture
DOI: 10.47297/wspciWSP2516-252712.20200407
1. Introduction to Batik
Batik is an ancient traditional textile printing and dyeing technology popular among ethnic minorities in China, also known as “batik valerian”. It is called the three ancient printing techniques of valerian (tie-dyed) and valerian (hollowed-out printing) in China. Batik technology has been passed on from generation to generation, popular, Miao women are very traditional production activities and artistic creation. The invention and appearance of batik is based on people’s cognition of matter. Its development requires certain environmental factors and technical conditions. The appearance of batik has specific material conditions and unique cultural background. Batik is based on people’s need for dress beautification and is carried out on the basis of a variety of dyeing and weaving processes, so the time of batik production should be after the textile, printing and painting feed processes mature. In terms of raw materials, batik has no special requirements for fabrics, cotton, hemp, silk, wool fabrics can be used, materials are not limited to specific species, animal and plant wax can be used, people usually choose to use resin and beeswax. Batik dyeing can only be cold dyeing process, usually the line
About the author: Xia WANG (1996-04), women, ethnic Han native place: Gui Zhou, college of fine arts, graduate student, research direction: cross-media art.
is plant dyeing, mainly indigo. According to the regional scope, batik technology exists in many countri
es in the world. But because of the influence of geography and climate, the cold areas in the north are not suitable for batik, so batik is distributed in some areas of the tropics and subtropics. Most of the batik technology in China is concentrated in the minority areas, with unique national characteristics, folk characteristics and regional personality. The natural conditions in the areas where ethnic minorities live are good, leaning against mountains and water, and very suitable for planting indigo and breeding bees, so it provides the necessary conditions for the production of batik. According to archaeology, the southwest of China, especially the minority areas of Guizhou, is the earliest batik in China.
2. Batik Production Procedure
Batik is to put the embryo cloth into the molten wax, wait for it to solidify, and use a special wax knife to melt the wax to draw flowers. Then use indigo to dye the embryo cloth after painting, and the pattern of white or white flowers will appear. Batik production is mainly divided into wax pretreatment, waxing, dyeing, wax removal, these steps.
Batik pretreatment refers to the pre-treatment of batik embryo cloth. In ancient times, when making batik, people will first cook taro and make a paste smear on the opposite side of the white embryo cloth washed with grass and wood ash. The treated white embryo cloth is dried, polished, ground and t
hen set aside. The modern wax pretreatment is the wax pretreatment of white embryo cloth after high temperature alkali washing and desizing. Then there is wax, which is also called painting wax. It means that after melting the wax, the treated white embryo cloth is dipped in wax with a wax knife or all the melted wax is smeared on the surface of the embryo cloth. Then use a wax knife to make a series of paintings. Generally, the temperature of wax is generally controlled at 60 to 70℃. Then the wax finished
embryo cloth was placed in the dye solution for soaking and dyeing, usually
Batik of Miao Nationality Culture in Guizhou
Creativity and Innovation  Vol.4 No.7 2020
stained with indigo. The soaking time was generally 5 to 6 days. After taking it out, it was dried to get light blue. If you want to get dark blue, soak it a few times. For multi-patterns, after one dip, wax again, dip again, and finish the dyeing of multiple patterns in turn. In the process of soaking, it is necessary to roll the batik embryo cloth continuously. The external force makes the surface of the embryo cloth crumble, and the dye solution is soaked in the batik, forming the unique “ice grain “. The step of wax removal is to boil the batik embryo cloth with clear water after dyeing, so as to remove the dye and wax on the surface of the embryo cloth. Finally, the surface of the embryo cloth shows a clear blue and white pattern.
3. Batik Pattern
Guizhou Miao people live by mountains and water, rich cultural heritage. Therefore, the theme of batik pattern in Guizhou mainly comes from the imitation of objects in the beautiful natural environment, the
deep memory of their own national culture and the expression of the inner feelings of the Miao people. According to the subject matter, the batik pattern of Guizhou Miao nationality is mainly divided into animal pattern, plant pattern and geometric pattern. Guizhou Miao people live in green mountains and rivers for a long time, the charm of nature also gives the Miao people the inspiration of artistic creation, the flowers and trees in the mountains are the objects they record, so there are many plant patterns. Miao batik plant patterns are mainly chrysanthemum, lotus, peach, orchid, peony, pomegranate, gourd, sunflower, water grass, fern cauliflower, pepper flower and unknown flowers in the mountains and other patterns, by these beautiful flowers and vines constitute a smooth and beautiful picture. Batik animal patterns are mainly cattle, butterfly, dragon and Phoenix, fish, and bird patterns. The butterfly pattern and dragon pattern in the animal pattern come from the worship of totem by the Miao people. The dragon and Phoenix pattern and the fish pattern are all symbols of good luck and express the Miao people’s yearning and pursuit for a happy life. Geometric patterns include cross, solar, star, water ripple, vortex, copper drum, octagonal, horn, echo, and various ways of square patterns of natural objects such as geometric patterns, most of which were left by their ancestors. In the drawing of patterns is not limited to the copying of natural things, in the shape is not limited to these natural image details constraints, but to its more bold deformation, After exaggerated generalization, the characteristics of objects are accurately expressed and have higher artistic beauty.
Batik of Miao Nationality Culture in Guizhou
4. Application of Batik in Design
Nowadays, the culture of ethnic minorities is widely spread, more and more people understand that the excellent minority culture, as batik is known and loved by more people, batik is also used in various fields. The most common or even the most common is the application of batik in clothing design, which can be designed according to the different preferences of the wearer and different views on the clothing culture so as to make bold ideas and design. Batik unique patterns and colors make batik different in national fashion and modern fashion, but also reflect a simple, elegant and fresh minority unique style. In addition to the application of batik in clothing design, batik is also widely used in Wenchuang product design. In some places where Miao people gather in Guizhou, the tourism industry of national culture is developing constantly, the national culture is widely concerned, and people’s love for minority culture is heating up. Therefore, in the development of Miao cultural tourism areas of Wenchuang product design will be applied to the Miao batik art. In the design of Wenchuang products, batik can be applied to specialty packaging in the region, such as tea packaging, and batik can also be applied to scarves, handbags, pillows, water cups, tableware and some tourist souvenirs used by women. Batik unique patterns can often attract tourists’ attention. Batik products are also love
d by tourists. By selling tourism products, the local economy can be better developed and batik technology can be better passed on. Batik can also be used in furniture design, interior design, product decoration design, and many designers apply batik patterns to illustrations and poster design. The unique cultural connotation and artistic characteristics of batik bring inspiration to the designers, and also add more beautiful artistic expression to the designs, making the works more infectious.
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5. Conclusion
After a long period of development, batik art has been handed down from generation to generation in minority areas, thus accumulating extremely rich experience in biography, forming a unique minority style, and becoming the treasure of national art with great characteristics in our country. The batik of Miao nationality has been transformed into the aesthetic way of appreciation under the historical conditions, and people have re-understood and enriched its content. Batik, as an artistic element, has entered people’s modern artistic life, realized the leap to the new cultural atmosphere and new aesthetic realm, and displayed the connotation and significance of the new minority culture.

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