收稿日期:2004-01-22
作者简介：王建忠(1960-)，男，河南长葛人，江阴职业技术学院副教授。
  文章编号:
1671_4644(2004)01_0049_03英语替代词One 的用法探析
王建忠
(江阴职业技术学院　外语系，江苏　江阴　214433)
摘　要：英语中的替代是一种避免重复，连接上下文的语法手段。许多词汇可用替代词来替代，而且有些词汇可用作替代词，其中one 是用法最多，也是最难把握的。关键词：替代；替代词;one
中图分类号:H0-06  文献标识码:A
引言
人们在使用语言时，特别是在平时交谈、写作过程中常常会重复使用同一个词，同一句话或同一个内容。在口头或书面表达时，过多的重复就会显得
很累赘。我们在学习一门外国语时常常会因为文中所出现的大量替代词而造成理解上的困难。所以，作为一个语言学习者很有必要学习和掌握替代词在英语中的用法。
1　替代的含义及类型
替代(Substitution )是一种避免重复、减少累赘、连接上下文的重要语法手段。所谓替代是用替代词
去替代上下文的词语或句子。在英语中有四种替代形式：名词性替代(Nominal Substitution )、动词性(Ver -bal Substitution )、状语替代)Adver bial )和分句性替代(Clausal Substitution )，如:
[例1]There are good films as well as bad ones .(ones =films ，名词性替代)
[例2]Americal food is not the same as the English kind .(kind =food ，名词性替代)
[例3]Does Peter speak English ?—Yes ,he does .(does =speaks E nglish ，动词性替代)
[例4]The boys pla yed doctors and nurses .We watched them doing that ,but the y wanted us to do so ,
too .(doing that =playing doctors and nurses ;to do so =to pla y doctors and nurses ，动词性替代)
[例5]A :Do you think he 'll come tomorrow ?(分
句性替代)
B :Yes ,I think so .(so =that he 'll come to -morr ow )
A :No ,I think not .(not =that he 'll not c ome tomorrow )
[例6]We are told that he will come tonight ,and if so ,our meeting will be held tomorr ow .If not ,there won 't be any meeting tomorrow .(if so =if he comes tonight ;if not =if he doesn 't come tonight ，分句性替代)[例7]We have got to the top of the hill at last .Here we 'll have a bird 's -eye view of the whole city .(her e =the top of the hill ，状语性替代)
[例8]He ca me to China .It was here that he be -gan to learn Chinese .(here =China ，状语性替代)
2　One /ones 的替代用法
英语中除了这四种替代形式外，还在许多词，如：不定代词、指示代词、名词、动词、副词等被用作替代词，在这些词中出现频率最高，用途最多，最难掌握的则是替代词one /ones ，下面就它的用法作一阐述。
(1)替代词one /ones 是最常见的名词词组的替代词，只能替代可数名词，可以指人，也可指物。如
第4卷第1期2004年3月南京工业职业技术学院学报Journal of Nanjing Institute of Industr y Technology Vol .4,No .1
Mar .,2004
DOI :10.15903/j ki .jni it .2004.01.016
果名词(词组)是不可数名词，通常采用名词性省略，或用其它形式替代，不能用one/ones替代。
[例9]If you haven't got fresh milk,I'll take some tinned milk.(此处mild不能用one来替代，此句也可用I'll take some来表示)
(2)当替代词one用以替代名词词组中心词时，它通常带有限定词，但不定冠词和物主限定词通常不可以直接位于替代词one之前。在不定冠词和物主限定词之后通常跟有形容词或其他前置修饰语，随后方可用替代词one。
[例10][误]Can I have a watermelon?-I'd like
a one.
[正]Can I have a water melon?-I'd like
a big one.
[例11][误]Your car isn't fast enough.Let's take his one.
[正]Your car isn't fast enough.Let's take
his new one.
但在下列结构中,a可直接跟one搭配，注意在这里one不是替代词，如:This book is such a one as is needed by ever y student of English.
(3)替代词one如果不带任何前置修饰语，其所替代的对象，便不是名词中心司则是整个名词词组，其意义通常是泛指的。
[例12]He is a brilliant hard-working student, one who will be successful in whatever career he choos-es.(one=a student)
他是个聪明，勤奋的学生,(这样的学生)今后无论做什么工作都会成功的。
因为one用于替代名词词组具有类指性，它与人称代词和指示代词所表示的照应关系在意义上有所不同，后者通常用来表示特指，试比较:
[例13]This dictionary is the one needed by every student of English,but I Can't afford it.(it特指) Every student of English needs a good dictionar y,but
I can't afford one.(one类指)
(4)替代词ones不能单独使用，它总是带有限定词和前置修饰语(形容词)，因此只能替代名词中心词，而不能替代整个名词词组，它和所替代的名词在数上可以不一致，但替代的词久是显而易见的。
[例14]I have a new English-Chinese Dictionary and several old ones.(ones替代English-Chinese Dic-tionaries)
[例15]Do you see those girls downstairs?The one in r ed is my daugher.(one替代girl)
connect的名词和形容词(5)one/ones一般不用在物主限定词+own之后，也不可放在名词属格之后；如果后置修饰语是表示所属关系或类似概念的of短语时，则不能用the one，而应用that。
[例16]he doesn't like to live long in a foreign country,and he wants to go back to his own.(不能用his own one)
[例17]These are Luxun's works and those are Baking's.(不能用baking's ones)
[例18]The important theme which often appears in Hemingway's novels is that of war and peace.(不能用one of war and peace)
(6)除以上情况，在both和基数词two,three等后通常也不用one。
[例19]I prefer the black jacket to the brown(one) ,but Tom likes both.(不可用both ones)
[例20]You have for TV sets.I have only two. (不可用two ones)
3　替代词one/ones的特殊之处
在使用替代词one时，应注意以下几点:
(1)替代词one与类指代数one和数词one的区别。数词one即可用作名词中心词，也可用作限定词，它与替代词one的区别在于它是实数，在句中要重读，另外，它的复数用some而不用ones，试比较: [例21]One can't be too car eful in matters like this.(类指代词，指人)
My old radio is much better than the new one.(替代词替代radio)
One can't do the work of twenty.(数词)
[例22]Here are a few apples.Would you like one?(one=an apple)
Here are a fe w apples.Woud you like some?(some of them)(此处不能用Would you like ones?)
(2)在使用替代词one/ones时，还应注意与某些特殊意义的one/ones之间的区别，后者的意义上相当于person/people，可以在没有替代对象的情况下出现。
[例23]George went on drinking,and by and by he fell to misusing(开始虐待)his wife and the little ones. (ones=his children)
　50南京工业职业技术学院学报第4卷第1期
(3)在某些情况下须用that /those 而不是one /one 来替代上文中提到的名词,that 替代指物的单数
可数或不可数名词,those 替代指人或物的复数可数名词，一般都是特指。that /those 后面的一般有后置修饰语(介词短语、分词短语、从句)，不带前置修饰语，如要带前置修饰语，一般改用one /ones ，试比较:
[例24]The population of China is much larger that that of Japan .(that 替代population )
We have two old TV sets and two new ones .(one 替代TV sets )
The atoms of one element are different from those of all other elements .(those 替代atoms ，指物)
4　替代词one /ones 的可省略性
在下列语境中，替代词one /ones 可以省略。(1)当one /ones 带有this /these ,that /those ,which ,either ,neither ,another ,the last ,the next ,the for -mer ,the latter 等限定词时
[例25]I have two English -Chinese dictionaries .You may take either .
(2)当onw /ones 前有定冠词以及和上文形成对比的形容词时(见例16)
(3)当one /ones 之前虽有与上文形成对比的形
容词，但若该形容词跟在不定冠词之后，则替代词one 一般不可省略。
如一般不用I 'd prefer a large bottle to a small .X )
(4)当one /ones 之前有比较级和最高级形容词时
[例26]He feels like pursuing his career in a lar ger company not a smaller (one ).
[例27]Of all Charlotte 's novels ,Jane Eyre is no doubt the most famous (one ).
[例28]There are so many kinds of books here .W hich (one /ones )do you pick out ?
[例29]The sec ond lesson is more difficult than the first (one ).
结束语
语言是丰富的，灵活多样的。以上所列只是one /ones 作替代词的一些主要用法。只要学习者善于观察、总结，就可以正确地理解和自如地掌握应用
好替代词one /ones .
参考文献:
[1]章振邦.新编英语语法[M ].上海：上海外语教育出版社,
1992.
Probe the Usage of Substitute One
WANG Jian -zhong
(Jiangyin Polytechnic College ,Jiangyin 214433,China )
A bstract :Substitution is one of the most importan ways to avoid repetition and to connect the different parts of the context
Many words can be used as substitutes .O ne is the most active and difficult substitute for the learners to master .Key words :substitution ;substitute ;one
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第4卷第1期王建忠：英语替代词One 的用法探析
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