名词解释
containerization
1.barter trade(易货贸易)：the direcrt exchange of goods or services-without an intervening medium of exchange or momey-either according to established rates of exchange or by bargaining.it is considered the oldest form of trade.
2.direct trade(直接贸易)：goods are transported directly from the production country to the consuming country. In this case, only two parties are involved in the transaction,namely the exporter and the importer.
3.entrepot trade：refers to the transaction which involves importing goods from overseas for further processing or assembling and then reexporting the goods abroad. Entrepot trade involves only one party, who is the importer, the processor and at the same time also the exporter.
4.invisible trade(无形贸易): 没有实物形态的技术和服务的进出口。例如，机器、设备、家具
等都是有实物形态的商品，这些商品的进出口称为有形贸易。专利使用权的转让、旅游、金融保险企业跨国提供服务等都是没有实物形态的商品，其进出口称为无形贸易。
5.transit trade(过境贸易): if goods are transported from the producing country to the consuming country via a third country’s border. It can be further divided into direct transit trade and indirect transit trade.
6.actual delivery（实际交货）：refers to a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does physically receive the goods.
7.appropriation（划拨，分拨）：is another critical stage in the process of delivery.  It refers to the act of clearly identifying the goods as the goods assigned for a particular contract.
8.arrival contract （到货合同）：means a contract using an incoterm which indicates that the delivery happens when the goods arrive at the destination.
9.shipment contract （装运合同）：is a contract using an incoterm which indicates that t
he delivery happens at the time or before the time of shipment.
10.shipment notice（装船通知）：The party arranges shipment shall provide his counterpart with sufficient notice related to the transportation. Inability to provide sufficient and prompt shipment notice to the counterpart
may lead to the failure of transfer or advanced transfer of risk.

11.symbolic delivery(象征性交货)：is a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does not physically receive the goods. This kind of delivery is proved by the submission of transport document by the seller to the buyer.
12.QC(quality control): 1)Seller’s expense to cover checking operations: quality control during the production, measuring, weighing and counting a the time of delivery.2)Buyer’s necessity to inspect the goods before taking delivery, hence he must pay pre-shipment inspection.3)Seller pay any costs of inspections mandated by the local authorities which is
normally part of customs clearance .
13.commission(佣金)：指中间商因向卖方（或买方）介绍生意或代卖代买货物而收取的酬金。
14.counter-offer（还盘）：a reply to an offer which contains additions, limitations or other modeifications.
15.discount（折扣，贴现）：指卖方按照原价给予买方一定百分比的减让。
17.ECFFE(export cost for foreign exchange ratio)（出口换汇成本）：指每出口换回一个单位的外汇（通常为美元）需花费多少本币数额的成本。是外贸企业核算其出口经济效益的重要指标之一。
18.quality tolerance(品质公差)：refers to the quality deviation recognized,which allows the quality of  the goods delivered to have certain difference within a range.
19.sale by sample（凭样品买卖）: A sale is made by sample when the seller and buyer a
gree that samples are used as reference of quality and condition of goods to be delivered. Used when it is difficult to describe quality of the commodity by words.
20.quantity latitude（数量机动幅度）: 是指卖方可按买卖双方约定某一具体数量多交或少交若干的幅度。因为有些商品受货源变化，商品特性（比如某些农产品、矿产品），尤其是运输工具的限制，合同中若规定一个固定的交货数量，将给卖方履行合同带来困难。因此，为了顺利履行合同，在长期的贸易实践中形成了规定数量机动幅度条款的做法，对于那些数量难以严格限定的商品，在规定的机动幅度内可以有数量的增加和减少，对此均不构成违约。
21.sale by specifications（凭规格买卖）:the specifications of a commodity comprise some important indicators . defining quality by specification is simple and accurate, therefore is widely used in international trade.
22.sale by standard（凭标准买卖）: 是指买卖双方在交易中以商品的标准表示商品品质。 商品的标准是指将商品的规格和等级予以标准化，商品的标准，有的由国家或有关政府主管部门规定，也有由同业公会，交易所或国际性的工商组织规定，有些商品习惯于标准买卖，
人们往往使用某种标准作为说明和评定商品品质的依据。
23.more or less clause（溢短装条款）: For the sake of efficient shipment and less complexity in contract execusion it is common to allow the seller to deliver the goods with a certain percentage of more or less ib quantity accordingly. Concerns three issues:1)how much more or less should be allowed 2)which party is entitled to make the decision 3)how should the more or less portion of the goods be priced.
24.neutral packing（中性包装）: No marking of origin or name of the manufacturer should appear on the product, on the shipping packing or  sale packaging.

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