john的用法
第一篇：john的用法
小马丁·路德·金（Martin Luther King, Jr.1929-1968）曾在著名的《伯明翰狱中书》（Letter from Birmingham Jail）中谈及黑人在美国受歧视的情况，其中有这样一段文字：...your first name becomes “nigger”，your middle name becomes “boy”(however old you are)and your last name 有一本书所提供的译文是：你的名字变成“黑鬼”，你中间的名字变成“小子”（不论你年纪有多大），你的姓氏变成“约翰”……
“黑鬼”不难理解，nigger是英语中对黑人侮辱性的称呼；“中间名字变成小子”就有点令人费解，中国读者会以为“中间名字”有什么特殊含义；至于“姓氏变成约翰”就更不知所云了。
其实，造成这种误解的原因，是译者不了解“John”所指代的含义。John是英语中一个常见的男子名（不用作姓氏，family name）。除名字外，John在英语中还有许多习惯用法，如：
Just put your John Henry on the back of the check即“在支票背面签上名”。John Henry指亲笔签名（美俚），John Henry 也是美国传说中的黑人英雄。Square John指“诚实可靠、奉公守
法，或不的人”。
John Doe是诉讼程序中对不知真实姓名的当事人的称呼。如：
The alarm went out for a John Doe who might have a bomb with him.已发出警报，大家注意一个可能带有的家伙。
See John的意思是“上厕所”（厕所也叫做the John loo）。
此外，还有大家熟悉的John Bull（约翰牛）——英国人的绰号（美国人的绰号是Uncle Sam，澳大利亚人是Bill Jim，而Ivan Ivannovitch则泛指任何俄国人）；或是Dear John letter——女子写给未婚夫或情人的绝交信。
有趣的是Johnny（John的昵称，亦拼写成Johnnie）也可指普通人，如Johnny on the spot指“随时可以来帮忙的人”；Johnny Raw的意思则是“新手”。可见，John就是指没有身份、没有地位的无名小卒。
在英美人的名字中，中间名字大多是教名，常有寓意或体现其家族地位。在口语中，也可以用“中间名字”指代某人的特点或长处，如：defending
Don't worry，discretion is my middle name.甭担心，我一向谨慎。
英美人的姓氏也有讲究，姓氏通常能明确表明一个人的家庭背景。英语中的尊称往往是在Mr./Miss/Mrs.等后面加上姓，如果说某人姓“John”，实际上意指某人没有任何地位可言。
句中“your middle name becomes 'boy'”的意思也表示“某人没有任何地位”。英语boy一般是人们对旅馆门口服务员的称呼，比汉语的“伙计”还要低下。
小马丁·路德·金的那段文字表现了种族主义者如何通过称呼来羞辱黑人，翻译时不能仅仅“忠实”地照搬“名字”“中间名字”“姓”等字眼，应当表达出文字所体现的内在含义。因此，笔者认为原文不妨译为：“……人们要么叫你„黑鬼‟，要么叫你„小子‟（不管你年龄多大），要么干脆不称呼你任何名字，连姓都不称，就好像你根本没有名字……”
第二篇：John Milton[定稿]
John Milton(1608-1674)
One of the greatest poets of the English language,best-known for his epic poem PARADIS
E LOST(1667).Milton's powerful, rhetoric prose and the eloquence of his poetry had an immense influence especially on the 18th-century verse.Besides poems, Milton published pamphlets defending civil and religious rights.“Of Man's first disobedience, and the fruit
Of that forbidden tree whose mortal taste
Brought death into the world, and all our woe,With loss of Eden.”
(from Paradise Lost)
JohnMilton(1608年至1674年)
其中最大的英语诗人,最有名的史诗,他失去了诗
乐园(1667).米尔顿的强大,他的口才、散文言论
诗歌产生了巨大的影响,特别是在十八世纪诗.除了诗作,出版小册子米尔顿维护公民和宗教权
利.“ 人类第一次抗命,水果
这种致命的味道禁止棵大树
加入世界带来死亡,所有的休戚与共的全天候朋友,伊甸与损失.”
(从 失乐园)
John Milton was born in London.His mother, Sarah Jeffrey, a very religious person, was the daughter of a merchant sailor.Milton's father, also named John, had risen to prosperity as a scrivener or law writerthere are references to Galileo's telescope in Paradise Lost.His conversation with the scientist Milton recorded in his celebrated plea for a free speech and free
discussion, AREOPAGITICA(1644), in which he stated that books “preserve as in a vial the purest efficacy and extraction of that living intellect bred in them.” Milton returned to London in 1639, and set up a school with his nephews and a few others as pupils.During this period he did not write much, earlier he had planned to write an epic based on the Arthurian legends.The Civil War silenced his poetic work for 20 years.War divided the count
ry as Oliver Cromwell fought against the king, Charles I.Concerned with the Puritan cause, Milton wrote a series of pamphlets against episcopacy(1642), on divorce(1643), in defense of the liberty of the press(1644), and in support of the regicides(1649).He also served as the secretary for foreign languages in Cromwell's government.After the death of Charles I, Milton published THE TENURE OF KINGS AND MAGISTRATES(1649)supporting the view that the people had the right to depose and punish tyrants.In 1651 Milton became blind, but like Jorge Luis Borges centuries later, blindness helped him to stimulate his verbal richness.“He sacrificed his sight, and then he
remembered his first desire, that of being a poet,” Borges wrote in one of his lectures.One of his assistants was the poet and satirist Andew Marvell(1621-78), who spoke for him in Parliament, when his political opinions arouse much controversy.After the Restoration of Charles II in 1660, Milton was arrested as a noted defender of the
Commonwealth, but was soon released.Milton paid a massive fine for his opposition.Besides public burning of
EIKONKLASTES(1649)and the first DEFENSIO(1651)in Paris and Toulouse, Milton escaped from more punishment after Restoration, but he became a relatively poor man.The manuscript of Paradise Lost he sold for £5 to Samuel Simmons, and was promised another £5 if the first edition of 1,300 copies sold out.This was done in 18 months.Milton was married three times.His first marriage started unhappily;this experiences promted the poet to write his famous essays on divorce.He had married in 1642 Mary Powell, seventeen at that time.She grew soon bored with her busy husbandand went back home where she stayed for three years.Their first child, Anne, was born in 1646.Mary died in 1652 and four years later Milton married Katherine Woodcock;she died in 1658.For her memory Milton devoted the sonnet 'To His Late Wife'.In the 1660s Milton moved with his third wife, Elizabeth Minshull, again a much younger woman, to what is now Bunhill Row.The marriage was happy, in spite of the great difference of their ages.Milton spent in Bunhill Row the remaining years of his life, apart from a brief visit to Chalfont St Giles in 1665 during a period of plague.His late poems Milton dictated to his daughter, nephews, friends, disciples, and paid amanuenses.In THE DOCTRINE AND DISCIPLINE OF DIVOR
CE(1643), composed after Mary had deserter him, Milton argued that a true marriage was of mind as well as of body, and that the chaste and modest were more likely to find themselves “chained unnaturally together” in unsuitable unions than those who had in youth lived loosely and enjoyed more varied
experience.Though Milton was a Puritan, morally austere and conscientious, some of his religious beliefs were very unconventional, and came in conflict with the official Puritan stand.Milton who did not believe in the divine birth, “believed perhaps nothing”, as Ford Madox Ford says
in The March of Literature(1938).Milton died on November 8, 1674.He was buried beside his father in the church of St Giles, Cripplegate.It has been claimed that Milton's grave was desecrated when the church was undergoing repairs.All the teeth and “a large quantity of the hair” were taken as souvenirs by grave robbers.Milton's achievement in the field of poetry was recognized after the appearance of Paradise Lost.Before it the writer himself had showed some doubt of the worth of his work: “By labor and intent study(which I take to
be my portion in this life), joined with the strong propensity of nature, I might perhaps leave something so written to after-times, as they should not willingly let it die.”(from The Reason of Church Government, 1641)Milton's cosmic vision has

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