Renaissance: The period in European history that began at late 14th century in Italy through 15th century and 16th century，Following Middle Ages;It is the dividing line between the Middle Ages and the Modern Ages. European culture reached eminence; came to England in 16th century
Wars of Roses (royal power, noble houses of York and Lancaster)Establishment of Tudor dynasty (1485-1603)
Renaissance humanism:It is an approach in study, philosophy, or practice that focuses on human values and concerns. It is a philosophy that places faith in the dignity of humankind and rejects the medieval perception of the individual as a weak, fallen creature.
Features
New learning：Greek knowledge, printing; cultivated Renaissance aristocracy, “The Courtier”
New religion: Martin Luther challenging Roman Catholic church, direct transaction with God
New world: Columbus; economic exploitation
New cosmos: Copernicus, the center being the sun, not the earth; Descartes (Give me extension and motion, and I will construct the universe); Enlightenment
Women of the Renaissance (Margaret L. King)
Elizabethan AgeThis is a period of the flowering time of English literature.
University Wits: A group of people wrote for the stage of the time and survive by writing skills
Church and theatres: morality plays; attacks on theatres by church (breeding grounds for infection)
Elements of Drama:
scholars
Protagonists: Antagonists, Exposition,Suspense,Rising Action,Climax,Falling action:
Aside独白: inaudible to other characters
TragedyRepresentations of serious actions which eventuate in a disastrous conclusion for the protagonist (the chief character)
ComedyIt is any humorous discourse generally intended to amuse and to interest.
SonnetIt is one of several forms of lyric poetry originating in Europe. A fourteen-line poem usually composed in iambic pentameter, employing one of several rhyme schemes. In Shakespeare's sonnets, the rhyme pattern is abab cdcd efef gg, with the final couplet used to summarize the previous 12 lines or present a surprise ending.
An iamb is a metrical foot consisting of one stressed syllable and one unstressed syllable — as in dah-DUM, dah-DUM dah-DUM dah-DUM dah-DUM.
five of these in each line, which makes it a pentameter.
Lyric poetryIt is a form of poetry with rhyming schemes that express personal and emotional feelings.
SoliloquyA monologue in a drama used to give the audience information and to develop the speaker's character. It is typically a projection of the speaker's innermost thoughts. Usually delivered while the speaker is alone on stage, a soliloquy is intended to present an illusion of unspoken reflection.
Rhyme: This term generally refers to a poem in which words sound identical or very similar and appear in parallel positions in two or more lines.
Alliteration: A poetic device where the first consonant sounds or any vowel sounds in words or syllables are repeated.
Meter: The repetition of sound patterns creates a rhythm in Poetry. The patterns are based on the number of syllables and the presence and absence of accents. The unit of rhythm in a line is called a Foot. Types of meter are classified according to the number of feet in a line.
Foot: The smallest unit of rhythm in a line of Poetry.
Imagery
Imaginary: uses of language in a literary work that evoke sense-impressions by reference to concrete objects, scenes, actions, or states.Appeal to senses
Metaphor: one idea is referred to by a word or expression normally denoting another thing, idea so as to suggest some common quality shared by the two.Imaginary identity rather than directly stated as a comparison. He is a pig. He is like a pig. (simile)
Ode
▪ Elaborately formal lyric poem
▪ Address to a person or entity
▪ Serious and elevated in tone
▪ Greek choral odes: praise of athletes
▪ Horace’s privately reflective odes in Latin
▪ Horatian odes: same form of stanza is repeated regularly
▪ Keats: “Ode on a Grecian Urn”, “Ode to a Nightingale
Heroic Couplet: A rhyming couplet written in iambic pentameter (a Verse with five iambic feet).
Stanza:A stanza consists of a grouping of lines, set off by a space that usually has a set pattern of meter and rhyme.
The Middle Ages: a period of enormous historical, social, and linguistic change
The Protestant Reformation: It is a movement which emphasis on the authority of scripture and salvation by faith alone (Henry VIII’s insistence on divorcing his wife, Catherine of Aragon, against the wishes of the Pope)
Restoration It refers to the restoration of Charles II to his realms across the British Empire.

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