2018年“上外杯”高中英语竞赛初赛试题
2018年“上外杯”上海市高中英语竞赛
初赛试卷
考生注意：
一、本卷共13页、75小题，满分100分。答卷时间90分钟。
二、本卷所有题目均为选择题，请将所选答案用2B铅笔点涂在答题卡上。
I. Grammar and Vocabulary（20分）
Directions:Complete the following passages by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
hovering and flitting high over the heads of tourists and workers ever since. The ___1___ image was intended to turn attention to humanity’s shaky place in nature. The onscreen message: “Earth Overshoot Day is August 1…Because We Have Only One Earth…#MoveTheDate.”
Created by the Global Footprint Network environmental nonprofit, Earth Overshoot Day estimates the point in the year when humanity has consumed more natural resources and created more waste than Earth can replace or safely absorb in a year. The Aug. 1 date ___2___ this year is earlier than any time in the dozen years the calculation has been made and a warning, especially, of the heightened challenge from the accumulation of greenhouse gases.
The Earth Overshoot concept is designed to bring ___3___ to climate issues that can seem distant in time and place. It aims to keep citizens and decision-makers in touch with spiraling carbon dioxide levels, particularly Americans who don’t live in coastal flood zones or in the path of more frequent and ___4 __ hurricanes.
The Aug. 1 date declared this year means that, for the final five months of the year, mankind is overdrawing natural resources. It would, ___5 __ another way, take 1.7 Earths to supply the resources needed to feed, clothe and sustain Earth’s 7.6 billion people for a year.
Global Footprint Network also calculates the biocapacity and ecological footprint at the national level, offering a look at how much each country is living beyond its ___6 __ resources. It shows, for example, that the United States has a biocapacity of 3.6 hectares per person but that the average consumption is 8.4 hectares per person, meaning that Americans are running a 4.8 hectare per-capita deficit. Stretched across a population of 317 million, that country uses all of its native resources by March 15, the formulation suggests. To continue consuming at current levels ___7 __, the U.S. would need the resources of five Earths.
That’s in sharp contrast to nations that have little industry and relatively few cars and trucks and often immense forests, pumping oxygen back into the biosphere. So Suriname in the n
orthern end of South America, has a biocapacity of 97 hetacres per person, but each of its 496,000 inhabitants only uses 2.7 hectares, on average, annually. So the tiny nation produces a large 94.6 hectares of "reserve." Because the construct is only theoretical, though, Suriname can’t escape the ___8 __ carbon dioxide most other countries pump into the atmosphere. And it exports surpluses of wood and commodities that other countries can’t produce on their own.
scholarsAndrew Simms, a progressive British political economist who helped ___9 __ the idea, said it is important to show how cultures live beyond their own resources. “The wealthiest countries, in particular, depend on a much larger land base than they have themselves to enjoy the material lifestyles they are accustomed to," Simms said. Wackernagel said his group uses the statistics ___10 __ and that the overshoot date underestimates humanity’s impact on the planet.
The first thing you need is backup. You don’t want to take all the work on yourself, so meet with your committee and keep this going throughout the year. No need to sacrifice your degree; ___11 __ the work to your team. That is, it’s best to avoid becoming a mini dictator. Unless you want a mutiny on your hands, it’s a good idea to listen to your committee’s views. Set up a group chat where members can pipe up and discuss society matters.
Just like a successful country needs citizens, a society won’t last long without members. Free pizza and the promise of a hangover at regular ___12 __ throughout the year are a tried-and-tested way to get people to sign up and show up. Gemma Paine, former president of the pole fitness society at the University of Sussex, invested a lot of money into making socials ___13 __ – from air hockey to a Halloween pub crawl. She also suggests creating branded kit or clothing. Seeing your members wearing the society’s hoodie or T-shirt around the campus is not only good publicity, it can create a sense of unity and belonging.
However, a large membership alone is not enough to ensure your society’s long-term ___1
4 __. “It’s great to have people signed up and have them pay the membership fee, because that’s where you get your money from,” Paine says. “But at the end of th e day if, by April, you only have 10 members turning up to things, then you’re not running the society the right way.”
Retention can be one of the biggest challenges of running a society. Unlike sports such as rugby or football, which students are already familiar with, the more niche clubs like pole fitness ___15 __ to be taken seriously. The sport is difficult to learn at first, so once the initial novelty ___16 __ off, a lot of new members give up.
You need to do a hard ___17 __ of whatever member benefits your society does offer. Tell them exactly what they’re getting for their money. As well as offering a low annual membership fee that includes the cost of the classes, Paine made sure there was a clear structure to the sessions. She says before she became president, members learned a party trick or two but nothing more ___18 __. Now the instructor teaches the skills and moves needed to perfect a whole pole routine, with members working towards a clearer goal.

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