专题二 动词的时态和语态
英语中动词共有十六种时态,要求掌握的只有八种:一般现在时,一般过去式,一般将来时,现在实行时,过去实行时,现在完成时,过去完成时,过去将来时。另外现在完成实行时、过去完成实行时和将来完成实行时也比较常用。
时 体 | 现在 | 过去 | 将来 | 过去将来 |
一般 | 一般现在时 | begin和start区别 一般过去式 | 一般将来时 | 一般过去 将来时 |
实行 | 现在实行时 | 过去实行时 | 将来实行时 | 过去将来 实行时 |
完成 | 现在完成时 | 过去完成时 | 将来完成时 | 过去将来 完成时 |
完成实行 | 现在完成 实行时 | 过去完成实行时 | 将来完成 实行时 | 过去将来 完成实行时 |
清单二 动词时态基本用法
一.一般体
一般体中的一般现在时、一般过去时分别表示现在、过去的经常性、习惯性动作或状态。所谓一般体,表示既不“实行”,又不“完成”。如:
We have meals three times a day.
He is always ready to help others.
When I was a boy , I often went to play in that park.
(一) 一般现在时的其他用法
1.一般现在时还可表示客观真理、科学事实。如:
The sun rises in the east.
The teacher told us that the water boils at 100℃。
2.一般现在时还可用在if,unless,even if引导的条件状语从句中,由when,before,until(till),as soon as,the moment,once引导的时间状语从句中,由no matter what/who/which/when/where/how或whatever,whoever,whichever,whenever,wherever,however引导的让步状语从句中,这时主句往往表将来(出现will/shall/can/must)或主句是祈使句。如:
I’ll go with you as soon as I finish my work.
3.用于here、therek开头的倒装句中,一般现在时表示现在正在发生的动作或存有的状态。如:
There goes the bell.
Here comes the bus.
(二)一般过去时的其他用法
1.动词want, wonder, hope, think, intend等的过去时表示“过去想要/想知道/希望/以为/打算”,暗示现在已经不这样。如;
I tought he was an honest man
He didn’t intend to hurt you.
2.在时间、条件、让步状语从句中,用一般过去时代替过去将来时,表示过去将来的动作。如:
He told me that he wouldn’t go back until his mother promised.
3.一般过去时用在一些固定句式中:
① it is time that sb. did sth. 是某人该干……的时候了
② would rather (that) sb. did sth.宁愿某人做某事
③ if only sb.did sth. 要是某人现在或将来做某事就好了。
如:
It is time that we studied harder.
-Your father is in your office.
-I’d rather he came tomorrow.
If only I were a bird!
(三)一般将来时的用法
1.will/shall+动词原形”
(1)will 可用来表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势。
Fish will die without water.
(2) will,shall表示将来,有时含有偶然性、临时决定的意思。如:
-Do you know Mr. Smith has come to our town?
-No.I will go and visit him right now.
2、“be going to + 动词原形”多用在口语中,表示“计划、打算要做某事”,此外,be going to 还可表示根据现在的迹象,对未来实行推断。如:
He is going to speak on TV this evening .
If the drought continues ,there’s going to be a famine.
注意:was going to还可表示“过去本打算做某事但未做”的意思。
3.be about to + 动词原形/be on the point of doing
“be about to + 动词原形” 及“be on the point of doing”表示“立即的将来(immediately future)”,所以,该句型很少与表示将来的具体时间状语连用,但能够和when(=and at the time)引导的状语从句连用。如:
The train is about to start .
The plane is on the point of taking off.
4.现在实行时
有些动词如come , go , stay , arrive , leave , begin , start , 等,其一般现在时、现在实行时亦可表示按计划、安排将来要发生的动作或状态。如:
I’m leaving for Beijing next month.
5.一般现在时能够表示计划、安排将要做的事情,此种想法常常用于火车时刻、飞机时刻、电影开演、上下课等。如:
The first class begins at 8 o’clock.
The shop opens at 9:00 in the morning and closes at 8:00 in the evening.
6.be to + 动词原形
(1)表示“按计划或安排要做的事”。如:
When are you to leave for home ?
She is to be married next month .
(2)表示“应该”,相当于should,ought to 。 如:
You are to report to the police .
What is to be done ?
(3)表示“想,打算”,相当于intend,want。 如:
If we are to be there before ten , we’ll have to go now .
二 实行体
(一)实行体表示某一时刻或某阶段内正在实行的动作或存有的状态,具有暂时性和未完成性。如:
-Have you moved into the new house ?
-Not yet, the rooms are being painted.
(二)表示计划,安排做某事
I’ve won a holiday for two days to Florida.I am taking my mom.
(三)表示某阶段正在实行的动作或发生的事,虽然此刻动作不一定在实行,常与these days ,this week等时间状语连用。如:
We are making model planes these days.
(四)表示反复出现的习惯性的动作,含有赞赏、厌恶或遗憾等感情。常与always, continually, constantly, all the time等连用。如:
He is always making the same mistakes.
(五)瞬间动词的实行体能够表示将来。
(六)有些动词不用于实行时。常见的有:
1.感觉类:look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear 等
The soup tastes good..(不可说:The soup is tasting good)
情感类:like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear,adore等。
I love my dad and mun. (不可说:I am loving my dad and mun.)
3.心态类:wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, think, understand, agree, know ,remember,fotget等。
I donot believe my eyes. (不可说:I am not believing my eyes..)
4.表示存有状态的词:
appear, exist,lie,remain, seem,belong to, depend on.
Those books belong to Mr.Li
三.完成体
(一)现在完成时
1.表示一个动作开始于过去,持续到现在(也许还将持续下去)。表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的时间状语有lately,recently,in the last/past few days/years,since then,up to now,so far(至今)等。如:
In the past few years,great chages have taken place in my hometown.
2.表示发生在过去的事情对现在产生的影响,这是说话者说话的中心在过去的事情对现在产生的影响。常用的状语有already,just,yet,never,before等。如:He has turned off the light.
3.This/It is the first/second/...time+that从句。That从句的谓语要用现在完成时。如:This is the first time that I have stayed with her for so long.
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