专题三　名词、冠词、代词和数词
基础巩固
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.(2017课标全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界)as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side  　(effect)such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight. 
答案　effects　考查名词复数。这种趋势有些非计划的副作用,如超重和心脏病。side effect表示“副作用”,为可数名词,根据such as overweight and heart disease可知,副作用有多种,故填复数形式。
2.(2016课标全国卷Ⅱ)Recent   　(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly. 
答案　studies　考查名词复数。根据主句中的谓语动词show可知主语应该用复数形式,故填studies。
3.The   　 (possible) that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space. 
答案　possibility　考查名词。句意:在宇宙中的其他行星上可能存在生命的可能性一直鼓舞着科学家们探索外太空。设空处在句中作主语,故填名词possibility。
4.(2018福建厦门期末质检)The 17th-century philosopher and statesman Francis Bacon declared that nothing had changed the world more deeply than three great   　 (invention):gunpowder, printing and the compass. 
答案　inventions　句意:17世纪的哲学家兼政治家弗朗西斯·培根宣称:任何东西都不如火药、印刷术和指南针这三项伟大的发明对世界造成的变化大。根据设空处前的three可知设空处填名词的复数形式。
5.(2018四川成都龙泉中学高三二诊)If you examine the language attentively, you can learn to appreciate different English writing  　method形容词(style). 
答案　styles　句意:如果你认真地研究这门语言,你就能学会欣赏不同的英语写作方式。根据
形容词different可判断此处使用名词的复数形式。
6.It's an either-or situation—we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we can't do  　. 
答案　both　句意:这是二者择其一的局面——我们今年可以买一辆新车,或者可以去度假,但是不能二者兼顾。both用于否定句表示部分否定,意为“并非两者都”。
7.In general,third-culture kids benefit from  　(they)intercultural experiences and they often reach excellent academic results. 
答案　their　句意:一般而言,第三文化的孩子受益于他们的跨文化体验,他们往往会取得优异的学业成绩。设空处作intercultural experiences的定语,故填形容词性物主代词their。
8.(2018河南中原名校五次联考)After teaching   　(she)to surf with one arm, in 2004, she entered a major competition and won the ESPY Award. 
答案　herself　句意:她自学独臂冲浪之后,在2004年,她参加了一项大型比赛并获得了年度卓
越体育表现奖。设空处作宾语且与主语为同一人,故用反身代词。teach oneself为固定短语,意为“自学”。
9.(2018河北五个一联盟二次联考)As you know, science plays  　very important role in our education. 
答案　a　句意:正如你所知,科学在我们的教育中起着非常重要的作用。设空处后的名词role在本句中表示泛指,故填不定冠词;紧挨着设空处的very的发音以辅音音素开头,故填a。
10.(2018陕西榆林二中三模)The Internet is an amazing information resource. Students, teachers, and researchers use it as   　 investigative tool. 
答案　an　句意:因特网是一种令人惊叹的信息资源。学生、老师和研究人员都将其作为一种调查工具使用。设空处后的名词tool在本句中表示泛指,故填不定冠词;设空处后的investigative的发音以元音音素开头,故填an。
11.(2018河北百校联盟联考)Table tennis is now a fast, high-tech sport and has   　 most players of all sports in the world. 
答案　the　句意:乒乓球运动现在是一项速度快、高科技的运动,拥有全世界所有体育运动中最多的运动员。根据语境可知此处表示最高级,形容词最高级前需填定冠词the。
12.(2018湖北襄阳1月调研)In Australia,which has the highest number of food advertisements in children's television in the world, there are  　average of 12 food ads per hour. 
答案　an　句意:澳大利亚是世界上在儿童电视节目中插播食物广告数量最多的国家,平均每小时有12条食物广告。an 为固定短语,意为“平均……”。
13.(2018四川成都龙泉中学高三二诊)Sometimes it is necessary to read a book more than once in order to absorb  　(it)full benefit. 
答案　its　句意:有时候为了吸收一本书的所有益处,(我们)有必要读不止一遍。修饰名词benefit应用形容词性物主代词。
14.I really enjoyed my stay in Xi'an;it is indeed worth  　second visit. 
答案　a　句意:我真的喜欢待在西安。它的确是值得再次参观的。“a+序数词”表示“又一,再一”。
15.How would you like   　if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you? 
答案　it　句意:如果你正在看你最喜欢的电视节目,而有人进入房间没有问你就把电视关了,你觉得怎样?表示“喜欢、热爱、憎恨”的动词后常加it再加that、if或when引导的从句。
16.I'd appreciate  　if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come. 
答案　it　句意:假如你提前让我知道你是否会来,我将不胜感激。考查代词。I'd appreciate 属于固定句式,表示“假如……我将不胜感激。”
17.Generally,  　(students) inner motivation is essential to their development. 
答案　students'　分析题干可知,空格处在句中作定语,结合语境可知,空格处应该填写提示词的所有格形式。故空格处填students'。
18.At our factory there are a few machines similar to   　 described in that magazine. 
答案　those　句意:在我们工厂有几台机器和那本杂志里描述的那些相似。首先将题干补全为:At our factory there are a few machines similar to the machines described in that magazine.,然后考虑用those替代特指的the machines,以避免重复。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.(2016课标全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in the short period of time.
                                                                   
答案　the→a　考查冠词。in a short period of time意为“在短时间内”。
2.(2016课标全国卷Ⅱ)But in that case, we will learn little about world.
                                                                   
答案　world前加the　world前需要加定冠词 the。
3.Located in Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, Wuzhen has a history of about 6,000 years;like many small towns in the southern area, which has a lot of small bridges going over clean streams.

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