Due  to  由于,应归于  root-locus method  根轨迹法  common practive 常规  optimal  control  最优控制  adaptive  and leanring control 自适应与学习控制 under way  在进行中reference input 参考输入 assume 采用假定  frist-order 一阶的 transient-response暂态响应  transfer-function传递函数 control loop 控制回路 preset  预先调试 preset program 预置程序 interval 间隔 set point 设定点 law 定律  Denver 推导出 forcing function 作用函数 lumped-parameter集中参数  give rise to 引起 ordinary differential equations常微分方程
Partial differential equations偏微分方程  the principle of superposition 叠加原理 constant常数 linear time invariant(constant-conefficient)system 线性时不变(定常)系统
Square-law 平方定律  control action 控制作用 represent表现 two position or on off controllers 双位或继电器型控制器 proportional controllers 比例控制器 integral controllers积分控制器proportional-plus-integral controllers比例积分控制器
proportional-plus-derivative controllers比例微分控制器
proportional-plus-integral -plus-derivative controllers比例-积分-微分控制器Differential gap
差动间隙  inverse 例数的  proportional sensitivity or the gain 比例灵敏度或增益  rate control 速率控制 feedback path 反馈回路 transient period 暂态过程  load disturbances 负荷扰动  negative feedback 负反馈  dynamic behavior 动态性能  overdamp 过阻尼  linear time invaniant systems 线性时不变系统under damp 欠阻尼 time arying systems 时变系统 nonlinear 非线性  linear time invariant discrete(continuous) time systems 线性定常离散(连续)系统  root locust method 跟轨迹法  frequency response methods 频率响应法 open loop frequency response test 开环频域测试 lead or lag compensator 超前或滞后校正装置 a singal input and a singal output 单输入单输出 multiple input multiple output systems 多输入多输出系统 state space 状态空间 phase plane methods 相平面法  two dimensional statespace methods 二维空间状态法 time domain approach 时域方法 classical control theory 经典控制理论 complex frequency domain approach 复频域法 with respect to 关于,至于 impulse functions 脉冲函数 step functions 阶跃函数 sinusoidal functions 正弦函数  initial conditions 初始条件 first order vector matrix differential equation 一阶向量矩阵微分方程 trial and error 反复试验  first order scalar differential equations 一阶标量微分方程  dog house 高频高压电源屏蔽罩 
段落:
第一章:①the Merriam Webster dictionary~~~~~~result or end  麦莉亚 韦伯斯特字典将过程定义为一种自然的,持续性的操作或演变过程,其特征是一系列渐进的变化以相对固定的方式相继发生在操作或演变过程中,并最后产生特定的效果或结果,也可定义为人为或自发的持续性的,由一系列产生特定结果的被控操作或动作组成的工序。②A feedback control system …………the difference as a means of control  :反馈控制系统式一种通过将输出与参考输入进行比较,利用其偏差作为控制手段来维持输出与参考输入之间既定关系的控制系统。③An automatic regulating system is a feedback control system……………the desired value in the presence of disturbance .:自动调节系统是一种参考输入或期望的输出为常数或随时间缓慢变化,并在存在扰动时将实际输出保持在期望值上的反馈控制系统。④An automatic regulating system in witch~~~~~~~or PH is called a process control system.:输出量是温度、压力、流量、液位、或PH值等类型的参量的自动调节系统被称为过程控制系统。During the decade of the 1940’s ,frequency response methods made it possible for engineers to design linear feedback control systems that satisfied performance requirements .From the end of the 1940’s to early 1950’s ,the rootlocus method in contr
ol system design was fully developed 在20世纪40年代的10年间,频率响应方法使得工程师设计出了满足性能要求的线性反馈控制系统,从1940年代末到1950年代初,根轨迹法方法在设计控制系统设计中的得到了充分发展   
The frequency response and the root locus methods , which are the core of classical theory , lead to systems that are stable and satisfy a set of more or less arbitrary performance requirements .Such systems are ,in general ,not optimal in any meaningful sense .Since the late 1950’s ,the emphasis in control design problems has been shifted from the design of one of many systems that work to the design of one optimal system in some meaningful sense    频率响应法和根轨迹法,是核心的经典理论,使系统稳定,满足了一套或多或少任意性能要求。这种系统,一般来说,不是最有意义的。1950年代末以来,重点已经转向控制设计问题从设计一个或许多工作的系统设计一个最优系统在一些有意义的方面。  In particular , if a linear lumped parameter mathematical model (i .e ., one employing ordinary differential equations) is desired ,it is always necessary to ignore certain nonlinearities and distributed parameters (i .e ., ones giving rise to partial differential equations) which may be present in the physical system .
特别是在需要采用线性集中参数数学模型(即常微分方程)时,总是要忽略掉物理系统中存在的一定的非线性因素和分布参数(即产生偏微分方程的因素)。  The principle of superposition states that the response produced by the simultaneous application of two different forcing functions is the sum of the two individual responses .
叠加原理说明,两个不同的作用函数同时作用于系统时的响应等于两个作用函数单独作用时的响应之和。  Because of this mathematical difficulty attached to nonlinear systems , one often finds it necessary to introduce “equivalent” linear systems in place of nonlinear ones .
由于非线性系统在数学上(求解)的困难,常需引入“等效”的线性系统来代替非线性系统。  In general , in solving a new problem , we find it desirable first to build a simplified model so that we can get a general feeling for the solution . A more complete mathematical model may then be built and used for a more complete analysis .一般来说,在解决新问题,我们发现它首先需要建立一个简化的模型使我们能够得到一个一般的解决方法。更完整的数学模型可建造和使用一个更完整的分析。  First we shall introduce the p
rinciple of operation of automatic controllers and the methods for generating various control signals ,such as the use of the derivative and integral of the error signal  首先我们将介绍自动机械控制器的操作的原则和产生各种控制信号的方法,如利用导数和积分的误差信号。  What kind of controller to use must be decided by the nature of the plant and the operating conditions ,including such considerations as safety ,availability ,reliability ,accuracy ,weight ,and size .选用哪种控制器决定于的植物的性质和经营条件,包括考虑诸如安全性,可用性,可靠性,准确性,重量,尺寸。  one corresponding to the filling curve and the other to the emptying curve .Such output oscillation between two limits is a typical response characteristic of a system under two position control    对应的填充曲线和其他排空曲线。两个极限之间的这种输出振荡是一个系统的两个位置控制下的典型响应特点。  Two position or on off control action  In a two position control system , the actuating element has only two fixed positions which are ,in many cases ,simply on and off .Two position or on off control is relatively simple and inexpensive and ,for this reason ,is very widely used in both industrial and domestic control systems .method英语双位继电器控制系统,开关控制行动

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