武术英文
Wushu (武術 or 武术; pinyin: wǔshù) literally means "martial art". It is commonly used much the same way as the popular term kung fu, referring specifically to Chinese martial arts, but is in China also used as a general term for any martial art. Today, many also use wushu, modern wushu or contemporary wushu as a name for the modern styles of Chinese martial arts that are practiced solely for exhibition and competition.

Translation
The word wushu consists of two Chinese characters. 武 (wǔ), meaning martial or military, and 術 (shù), which translates into art, skill or method. Together these form "wǔshù" or "martial art". To be more precise, the first character 武method英语 (wǔ) is actually a combination of two other characters: 止 (zhǐ) and 戈 (gē). The first means to stop or halt something, and the latter symbolizes an ancient Chinese weapon similar to a spear. Notice that a stroke symbolizing a dagger on the side of the character "ge" is shelved. Because of this, many consider a more detailed translation of wushu to be "method to stop weapon" or "the art of stopping violence", more similar to the Western term self-defense. This aspect plays a major role in the philosophies that are present in many Chinese martial arts, which emphasize that the best way to defeat an enemy is to do so without fighting, and that the easiest way to not fight is to avoid situations that might lead to any fighting at all.

Contemporary Wushu
Wushu, modern wushu, and contemporary wushu often refer to the modern recompilations of traditional wushu forms created in the People's Republic of China. These are practiced as a demonstration sport, much like gymnastics, and judged and given points according to specific rules. Similar to gymnastics, there are separate events, the main ones being:

Barehand
長拳 Changquan (Long Boxing)
南拳 Nanquan (Southern Boxing)
太極拳 Taijiquan (Taiji Boxing)
Short Weapons
刀 Dao (Broadsword)
劍 Jian (Straightsword)
太極劍 Taijijian (Taiji Straightsword)
南刀 Nandao (Southern Broadsword)
Long Weapons
棍 Gun (Staff)
槍 Qiang (Spear)
南棍 Nangun (Southern Staff)
Most events were first set up in 1958.

Changquan refers to long-range extended wushu styles like Chaquan (查拳), Huaquan (華拳), Hongquan (洪拳), and Shaolinquan (少林拳), but the wushu event is a modern style derived from movements of these and other traditional styles. Changquan is the most widely-seen of the wushu events, and includes whirling, running, leaping, and acrobatics. Changquan is difficult to perform, requiring great flexibility and athleticism, and is often practiced from a young age.

Nanquan refers to wushu styles originating in south China (i.e., south of the Yangtze river), including Hongjiaquan (洪家拳), Cailifoquan (蔡李佛拳), and Yongchunquan (詠春拳). Many are known for vigorous, athletic movements with very stable, low stances and intricate hand movements. The wushu event is a modern style derived from movements of these and other traditional southern styles. Nanquan requires less flexibility than Changquan, has fewer acrobatics, and is thus easier for young adults to practice. This event was created in 1960.

Taijiquan is a wushu style famous for slow, relaxed movements, and often seen as an exercise method for old people. The wushu event is a modern recompilization based on the Yang (楊) style of Taijiquan, but also including movements of the Chen (陳), Wu (吳), Wu (武), and Sun (孫) styles.

Dao refers to any curved, one-sided sword/blade, but the wushu event is a Changquan method of using a medium-sized willow-leaf-shaped dao (柳葉刀).

Jian refers to any double-edged straight sword/blade, but the wushu event is a Changquan method of using the jian.

Gun refers to a long staff slightly less tall than the user with his arms stretched up, but the wushu event is a Changquan method of using the gun.

Qiang refers to a flexible spear with red hair attached to the spearhead, but the wushu event is a Changquan method of using the qiang.

Taijijian is an event using the jian based on traditional Taijiquan jian methods.

Nandao is a weapon that appears to be based on the butterfly swords of Yongchunquan, but has been lengthened and changed so that only one is used (as opposed to a pair). This event is a Nanquan method, and was created in 1992.

Nangun is a Nanquan method of using the gun. This event was created in 1992.

These events are performed using compulsory or individual routines in competition. Compulsory routines are those routines that have been already created for the athlete, resulting in each athlete performing basically the same set. Individual routines are routines that an athlete creates with the aid of his/her coach, while following certain rules for difficulty, number of acrobatics, etc.

International wushu competitions most often use compulsory routines, while high-level competitions in China most often use individual routines. A single event will not use both compulsory and individual routines, but one or the other.

Traditional routines are also used in compeition in events separate from the compulsory and individual routine events, especially in China. The routines used are often new, modernized recompilations of traditional styles. Some of the more commonly seen styles include:

Xingyiquan (形意拳) - Shape-Intent Fist
Baguazhang (八卦掌) - Eight-Trigrams Palm
Bajiquan (八極拳) - Eight Extremes Fist
Fanziquan (翻子拳) - Overturning Fist
Chuojiao (戳腳) - Poking Feet
Tongbeiquan (通背拳) - Through-the-Back Fist
Piguaquan (劈掛拳) - Chop-Hitch Fist
Chaquan (查拳) - Cha Fist
Huaquan (華拳) - Hua Fist
Paoquan (炮拳) - Cannon Fist
Houquan (猴拳) - Monkey Fist
Tanglangquan (螳螂拳) - Praying Mantis Fist
Ditangquan (地躺拳) - Ground-Prone Fist
Zuijiuquan (醉酒拳) - Drunken Fist
Yingzhaoquan (鷹爪拳) - Eagle Claw Fist
Shequan (蛇拳) - Snake Fist
Similarly, there is also a traditional weapons category, which often includes the following:

Changsuijian (長穗劍) - Long-Tasseled Sword
Shuangshoujian (雙手劍) - Two-Handed Sword
Jiujiebian (九節鞭) - Nine Section Whip
Sanjiegun (三節棍) - Three Section Staff
Shengbiao (繩鏢) - Rope Dart
Dadao (大刀) - Great Sword
Pudao (撲刀) - Pu Sword
Emeici (峨嵋刺) - Emei Daggers
Shuangdao (雙刀) - Double Broadsword
Shuangjian (雙劍) - Double Sword
Shuangbian (雙鞭) - Double Nine Section Whips
Shuanggou (雙鈎) - Double Hooksword
Jet Li (李連杰) gained fame as a five-time national wushu champion, and is now a famous movie star who uses his wushu skills onscreen. Many of his old teammates have also appeared onscreen with him, especially in his older movies.

At present, China is bidding for wushu to be added to the Olympics, prompted by the 2008 Olympics in Beijing. To limit the number of medals awarded to the sport, the current proposal for wushu events is:

Changquan (Men)
Changquan (Women)
Nanquan (Men)
Taijiquan (Women)
Dao (Men)
Jian (Women)
Gun (Men)
Qiang (Women)
However, the current sets that have been created for these proposed Olympic events are somewhat different from earlier sets used for other competitions like the Asian Games. For example, the Taijiquan set includes several leaping kicks, something that is not normally seen in Taijiquan.

Another modern form of wushu is called sanda (sometimes called sanshou), which is a modern fighting method and sport influenced by both traditional Chinese methods and methods of other countries. Sanda appears much like kickboxing or muay thai, but includes many throwing methods. Sanda fighting competitions are often held alongside modern wushu form competitions.
1.形意拳
Hsing Yi

Hsing Yi (形意拳), (Wade-Giles) Hsing-i Ch'üan or (Pinyin) Xingyiquan (xíng yì quán "Form and Thought Boxing") all refer to a northern Chinese martial art tradition attributed to the legendary Chinese General Yue Fei (岳飛) around 1100 AD.

Hsing-i Ch'üan claims to specialize in deceptively soft, linear, low attacks and quick yet solid footwork appropriate for the battlefield and the military. Although considered the most simple, direct, and linear of the neijia (baguazhang and taijiquan), power generation still derives from spiraling and circling characteristic of the "internal Chinese martial arts", known in modern times as the neijia. The spiraling and circling movement only appears linear.

Hsing-i uses five distinct elements or forms as metaphors assigned to represent the details of different combative methods. Usually called, "the five fists" within the context of hsing-i, these Five Elements or Five Phases (五行 Wu Hsing or Wǔ Xíng) are based on Taoist cosmology, and practitioners of the art are taught that reactions to attacks and counter attacks should be conditioned by which of the elements an attack is considered to be coming from. As combatants or "elements" interact their conflict is said come to an end result predictable by wu hsing theory. Proponents also say that in Hsing-i Ch'üan there are at least three outcomes in a combat situation; the constructive, the neutral, and the destructive. Hsing-i students train to react to and execute specific techniques in such a way that a desirable cycle will form based on the constructive, neutral and destructive interactions of wu hsing theory. Where to aim, where to hit and with what technique - and how those motions should also work defensively - is determined by what point of which cycle they see themselves in.

The advanced training forms varies and combines the five fists together. Depending on the lineage, some of these advanced forms includes linking forms, the "eight hands", the "eight tigers", and twelve animal forms.

Hsing-i Ch'üan practitioners consider their martial art to be an internal style, with an emphasis on ch'i (qi) development and coordination in their training. Traditional Chinese weapon training is another feature of Hsing-i Ch'üan as a martial art.
2.八卦掌
Bagua zhang


Bagua zhang (八卦掌 in pinyin: bā guà zhǎng) (Pa Kua Chang, Bagua Quan, Pa kua ch'üan, Bagua, Pakua, Pakua boxing, Pakua hand movements, Pa Kua circle walking) is one of the three major internal Chinese martial arts, the other two of which are Xingyiquan (形意拳) and Taijiquan (太極拳).

The word 'baguazhang' literally means "eight trigram palm". The trigrams refer to diagrams from the Yijing, one of the canons of Taoism. These diagrams in turn refer to eight animals, upon which in some styles of Baguazhang movements or fighting systems are based on.


The trigrams and their corresponding animals in martial arts are:

Li (離) - Chicken (鷂)
Kun (坤) - Qilin (麟) (sometimes mis-translated as unicorn or Chinese unicorn)
Dui (兌) - Monkey (猴)
Qian (乾) - Lion (獅)
Kan (坎) - Snake (蛇)
Gen (艮) - Bear (熊)
Zhen (震) - Long (龍) (often translated as Chinese dragon)
Xun (巽) - Fenghuang (鳳) (often mis-translated as phoenix or Chinese phoenix)
Similar types of animal systems exist in other types of Chinese martial arts.


A type of practice called circle walking is a well known stance training system of bagua. Practitioners walk in a circle facing the center, in a low stance, executing forms as they periodically change direction. Students first learn flexibility through such exercises, then move on to more complex forms and internal power mechanics. The internal aspects of bagua are very similar to those of xingyi and taiji. Eventually, many distinctive styles of weapons training are practiced, sometimes including the uniquely crescent-shaped deerhorn knives. In many schools, students study both xingyi and bagua. These may be used together in fighting, as they are often complementary. Bagua contains an extremely wide variety of techniques, including various strikes, low kicks, joint techniques, throws, and distinctively circular footwork.

Bagua was developed by Dong Haichuan (董海川) in the early 19th century, who apparently learnt from Taoist and Buddhist masters in the mountains of rural China. There is evidence to suggest a synthesis of several pre-existing martial arts taught and practiced in the region he lived in, combined with Taoist circle walking. (It should be noted that circle walking appears popular among the shamanic traditions, including a version practiced by Siberian shamans). Dong Haichuan taught for many years in Beijing, eventually earning patronage by the Imperial court. Famous disciples of Dong to become teachers were Yin Fu (尹福), Cheng Tinghua (程廷華), Song Changrong (宋長榮), Liu Fengchun (劉鳳春) and Ma Weiqi (馬維棋). Although they were all students of the same teacher, their methods of training and expressions of palm techniques differed. The Cheng and Liu styles are said to specialize in "Pushing" the palms, Yin style is known for "Threading" the palms, Song's followers practice "Plum Flower" (梅花 Mei Hua) palm technique and Ma style palms are known as "Hammers." Some of Dong Haichuan's students, including Cheng Tinghua (who was killed), participated in the Boxer Rebellion.

One of the most famous Bagua practitioners of the 20th century was Sun Lutang (孫録堂), Xingyiquan (形意拳) disciple of Guo Yunshen (郭雲深), and also studied Baguazhang under Cheng Tinghua. Sun Lutang became well known as the founder of one of the five major styles of Taijiquan (太極拳).

Guo Yunshen's rendering of baguazhang uniquely a series of sixty-four linear tactical forms that were taught before a student learns the distinctive circle walking practice of baguazhang. No one really knows where Guo came up with the tactical forms, or why it appears in his lineage, and no one else's. These forms are taught to correspond with the sixty-four hexagrams of Yijing, therefore suggesting a link with the eight trigrams of Yijing (eight times eight is sixty-four).

Yin-lineage baguazhang is known for the "ridiculously large broadsword" forms.

Few good teachers of bagua are available in the United States, and these tend not to advertise. Most are fairly traditional and will likely only reveal internal practices to dedicated students. This does not stop students from discussing and speculating in online forums, such as Dave Devere's EmptyFlower site.

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