高教自考英语二完整讲义：第一章精讲(三)www.sina 2007年09月25日 13:58  自考365.COM
  语　法　As的用法
  I.语 法
  1.AS的用法
  （1）用作介词时的基本词义，“作为，担任”，“像，似”。
  介词短语在句子中可担任的成分：状语、定语、宾语补语和表语
  （2）用作副词表示程度，as … as … 结构中
  （3）用作连词，引导状语从句（比较、让步、时间、原因和方式状语从句）
  （4）用作关系代词，引导定语从句，
  （5）As用于常用习语中
  2.过去分词、现在分词、不定式作定语的区别
  分词作定语：
  过去分词作定语，修饰名词、代词，表示被动、已经完成。
  现在分词作定语，修饰名词、代词，表示主动、正在进行。
  单个分词一般置于所修饰的词之前，但也有例外。
  例如 an extended family 一个扩展了的家庭 / a singing girl 一个唱歌的女孩
  a developed country 发达国家 / a developing country 发展中国家
  the people concerned 有关人员
  分词短语一般放在所修饰的词之后，例如：
  A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action.
  Have the letter inviting you for an interview …
  现在分词的被动式和过去分词都表示被动，区别在于前者表示修饰的词正在承受的行为，而后者表示修饰的词已承受过了的行为。
  例如： The problem being discussed is important. 正在讨论的这个问题很重要。
  The problem discussed yesterday was important. 昨天讨论的那个问题很重要。
  现在分词的完成主动式，表示动作已经完成。having done
  现在分词的完成被动式，表示动作已经被完成。the decision having been made
  不定式作定语
  不定式作定语应当放在所修饰的中心词之后。例如：We have plenty of work to do.
  一般来讲，不定式作定语时，表示动作将要发生。另外，还要注意的是不定式有三种时态，也有被动态。
  3.分词短语作时间、条件、让步状语
  为了表示明确的时间或条件，有时常在分词前面加上when， while， even if， even though， unless 等连词作时间、条件、让步等状语。
  例如：
  When presented with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems， production managers see production problems， and so on.
  当面对同一件事例时，销售经理易于看到销售问题，生产部经理看到生产问题，等等。
  Facts are terrible things if left spreading and unexamined.
  如果听任事实泛滥不加检测，那是可怕的事。
  Don't leave the building unless instructed to do
so.
  除非接到通知，不要离开这幢大楼。
  II.练 习
  1.单词英译汉
  goal， objective， accomplish， predict， accompany， implement， tendency， achievement， argue， budget， define， entity，
  2.词组英译汉
  in the way， in part， point of view， contribute to， to apply for， in hand， to turn down
  3.句子英译汉
  （1）A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.
  （2）Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance.
  （3）If there is no choice， there is no decision to be made.
  （4）For managers every decision has constraints based on politics， procedures， laws， precedents and the like.
  （5）For example， managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion.
  （6）Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is， which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.
  （7）In the larger scheme of things， however， increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.
  （8）Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department.
  4.Text A 汉译英
  决策者应该能够对将来作出最好的推测。
  Decision makers should be able to make a best guess at what the future will be.
  有人认为经理们所作的一切均与决策有关。
  Some people believe almost everything a manager does involves decision.
  没有正确的选择就没有正确的决定。
  If there is no proper choice， there is no proper decision.
  不同的人对同样的问题有不同的看法，所以解决的办法也不同。
  Different people have different ideas about the same problem； their solutions to the problem are， therefore， also different.
  决策者往往是公司业务发展的关键。
  Decision makers often play the key role in the development of the business of a company.
  Decision makers are usually key people who determine the company's business development.
  历年考题
  1.Almost everything a manager does______（involve） decisions. Indeed， some suggest that the management process is decision making. （99.4）
  答案是involves. 考点： involve 为谓语动词，应该用一般现在时。a manager does为省略了引导词that的定语从句修饰先行词everything.
  2.If there is no choice， there is no decision______（make）。 （99.4）
  答案是to be made .考点：to be made 是动词不定式作定语修饰decision.
define的基本用法  3.Almost everything a manager does___
___decisions； indeed， some suggest that the management process is decision making. （00.4）
  A. imposes
  B. improvise
  C. involves
  D. indicates
  答案为C.
  4.I have no idea what's standing______accomplishing our goals and objectives.
  （ 03.10）
  A.in the way of
  B.by way of
  C.on the way of
  D. in one's way of
  答案为A
  5.For managers， every decision has constraints_____（base） on policies， procedures， laws. （03.04） （04.10）
  答案为 based， 考点：过去分词短语作后置定语
  6.When _____（present） with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems and production managers see production problems.（02.10）
  答案为presented. 考点： present 是过去分词短语作时间状语。
  7.An organization is a group of people， and a decision______（make） today may have consequences far into the future. （02.10）
  答案是made. 考点：make 是过去分词作定语，修饰decision.
  8.汉译英：通常管理者必须对未来的情况作出最佳的预测。
  答案：Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be.

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