Section Ⅲ　Grammar——v.­ing形式作定语和表
语
v．­ing形式作定语和表语
v．­ing形式在句中作定语和表语是本单元的语法内容。下面讲述一下它的具体含义和用法。
[观察例句]
1．It was great fun walking along the streets，enjoying the relaxing atmosphere！The performances were just amazing.
2．And I get lucky money in red envelopes from my parents and relatives，so it's always an exciting time for me.
3．Perhaps Thanksgiving.What could be better？Families getting together and eating delicious food，people watching sports games on TV，friends laughing and talking，etc.
4．I think it's Christmas.I just can't take my eyes off the shining lights on the Christmas trees everywhere.Lots of smiling faces，and people singing Christmas carols and wishing each other“Merry Christmas！”
[归纳用法]
一、v.­ing形式作定语
1．单个动词的­ing形式作定语位于被修饰名词的前面，既可以表示被修饰者的作用或功能，也可以表示被修饰者的动作或状态。
(1)说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。
building materials＝materials for building建筑材料
a reading room＝a room for reading阅览室
(2)表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。
a puzzling problem＝a problem that puzzles somebody
一个困扰人的问题
a surprising result＝a result that is surprising
一个惊人的结果
developing countries＝countries that are developing
发展中国家
2．v.­ing形式短语作定语时，放在所修饰的名词之后，并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。
(1)They lived in a room facing the street.
＝They lived in a room that faces the street.
他们住在一间面朝街的房子。
(2)The man standing there is Peter's father.
＝The man who is standing there is Peter's father.
站在那儿的那个人是彼得的父亲。
3．v.­ing形式短语也可以用作非限制定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，这时，它与句子其他部分用逗号分开。
(1)The apple tree, swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit.
＝The apple tree, which was swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit.
那棵苹果树硕果累累，在微风中轻轻摇曳。
(2)His brother, working as a teacher, lives in Beijing.
＝His brother, who is working as a teacher，lives in Beijing.
他的哥哥住在北京，是个老师。
[提示]　有些情况下，动词的­ing形式不能用来作定语，必须使用定语从句。
作定语的v.­ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。
[误]The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.
[正]The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.
昨天来的教授将要给我们做一个讲座。
动词­ing形式的完成式一般只用作状语，不作定语。
[误]The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
[正]The temple(which has been)destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
represent的用法
被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。
二、v.­ing形式作表语
v．­ing形式作表语可分为两种情况：现在分词和动名词。现在分词作表语主要表示主语的性质和特征，而动名词作表语则主要是对主语内容的进一步说明和解释。
My job is interesting.我的工作很有趣。
My job is teaching.我的工作是教书。
[提示]　现在分词和动名词作表语时的区别：第一句中的interesting为现在分词，它表示“工作”的特征；第二句中的teaching为动名词，它是对“工作”内容的进一步说明。正因为如此，动名词作表语时可与主语交换位置，而现在分词作表语则不可与主语交换位置。
误：Interesting is my job.
正：Teaching is my job.
[即学即练]　完成句子
1．你告诉正在那边玩耍的孩子们别制造噪音了吗？
Did you tell the children playing there not to make any noise?
2．山顶上的庙宇是在明朝时建造的。
The temple standing on the top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty.
3．他昨晚看的电影很感人。
The movie he saw last night was very touching．
4．听到这个让人吃惊的消息，他很紧张。
Hearing the surprising news，he was very nervous.
5．当他在机场看到我时，给了我一个欢迎的拥抱。
He gave me a welcoming hug when he met me at the airport.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Her job is keeping(keep) the lecture hall as clean as possible.
2．Cleaning(clean) women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.
3．No one has come up with a convincing(convince) explanation of why this kind of animal is dying out.
4．Yesterday，our manager，representing(represent) our company，made a speech at the
meeting.
5．The men working(work) extra hours got an extra pay.
6．The room is empty except for a bookshelf standing(stand) in one corner.
7．The houses being built(build) are for the teachers.
8．These lanterns hanging along the street are amazing(amaze)．
9．The news is so exciting(excite) that all the students jumped with joy.
10．The workers' task is collecting(collect) information from all the material.
Ⅱ.语法填空
There is a wonderful story about a young girl 1.having(have) no family and no one to love her.
One day，2.feeling(feel) very sad and lonely，she was walking through a grassland when she noticed a small butterfly 3.caught(catch) in a thorny bush. The young girl carefully released the butterfly. Instead of 4.flying(fly) away，the little butterfly changed into a beautiful fairy.
“In return for your wonderful kindness，”the good fairy said to the girl，“I will give you any wish that you would get(get). ”The little girl thought for a moment and then replied，“I want to be happy.”
6．Leaning(lean) toward her, the fairy whispered in her ear and then disappeared.
With the little wing(grow) up，there was no one in the land happier than she was. Everyone wanted to make ld(tell) the secret of happiness by her. She would only smile and answer，“The secret of my happiness is that I listened to a good fairy when I was a little girl.”
When she was dying, the neighbors all gathered around her，9.fearing(fear) that her unbelievable secret of happiness would die with her. So they begged her to tell them what the good fairy said.The lovely old woman simply smiled and said，“She told me that everyone, no matter how old or young, how rich or poor，had need of me.”
Hearing the 10.interesting(interest) story，everyone became happier from then on.

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