动词不定式
一、动词不定式的概念
    非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。
    动词不定式(The Infinitive一般由“to + 动词原形”构成。它在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用,同时也保留着动词的一些特征,它可以有自己的宾语或状语。 
二、不定式的功能与用法
(1)作主语:
    To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 (百闻不如一见)
      To know everything is to know nothing. 事事皆懂,无一精通。
注意:不定式作主语时,常用it 作形式主语,而将作主语的不定式放在句子后部。例如:
It is exciting to surf the Internet.     上网是件令人兴奋的事。
      It’s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
Its very kind of him to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。 
It's for sb. ... 和 It's. of sb.
这样的句子中,由于表语形容词性质的不同,导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。   
1)for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征、特点表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:例如:
  Its very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2)of sb.句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如:
  It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。 
(2)作表语:
His ambition is to become an actor他的理想是成为一名演员。
My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。
(3)作宾语: 
常见的接不定式作宾语的动词有afford, agree, aim, ask, attempt, bear, begin, bother, care, choose, claim, consent, continue, dare, decide, decline, demand,      desire, determine, except, fail, forget, guarantee, hate, help, hope, intend,      learn, like, love, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, pretend, refuse, remember, try,          want, wish等。例如: 
I agree to go there with the doctor.
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
I cant stand       with Jane in the same office. She just refuses      talking while she works. 
A. working; stopping                    B. to work; stopping
    C. working; to stop                      D. to work; to stop
(4)作宾语补足语:
用不定式作“宾语补足语”,构成复合宾语:
许多动词可跟一个由“名词(代词)+不定式”构成的复合宾语:
They persuaded him to give up smoking.他们劝他戒了烟。
They are training these dogs to sniff out drugs.他们在训练这些犬嗅出。
常见的不定式作“宾语补足语”的动词有:
adviseallow, ask, beg, bride, cause, challenge, command, compel, convince, direct      enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force , induce, instruct, invite, oblige, order    permit, persuade , press, recommend, remind, request, require, teach, tell, tempt          train, urge, want , warn等。
(5)作定语:
不定式做定语,放在所修饰词的后面,表示将来的动作。例如:
I am always the first person to get to the office.
The road to be built will shorten the distance between my home and the company.
如果不定式与所修饰的词之间含有逻辑上的动宾关系,且句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时,用不定式的主动表示被动。
I have a lot of work to do today.
Lily,do you want anything to say now?
如果不定式与所修饰的词之间含有逻辑上的动宾关系,句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语时,用不定式的被动式。
Do you have anything to be taken to your son?   
(6)作状语:
1)目的状语 
常用结构为to do , only to do(仅仅为了), in order to do, so as to do, so(such)… as to…(如此…以便…)。例如:
  He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
  I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面。
    He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间,没发现什么。
3) 表原因
Im glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。
She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。
4)表示理由和条件
He must be a fool to say so.
三、不定式的时态与语态
时态            语态
主动式
被动式
一般式
to do
to be done
完成式
to have done
to have been done
进行式
to be doing
/
完成进行式
to have been doing
/
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,由不定式符号(to)加动词原形构成。不定式的形式有五种:
1. 一般式to do
require名词动词不定式一般式表示的动作可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生,也可能在其之后发生。
例如:I saw the young man enter the house.(同时发生)
      I hope to go there next time.(之后发生)
2. 进行式to be doing 
不定式进行式表示不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生。
例如:When he came in, I happened to be reading at the table.
3. 完成式to have done
    不定式完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生。
例如:Im sorry to have broken your glasses.
4.被动式to be done表示将要被做: 
e.g. The work is to be done soon.
The new cinema to be put up next year will be very large.
5. 完成被动式to have been done表示已被做。
e.g.  The boy is said to have been sent to hospital yesterday.
The cinema is said to have been built last year.
四、与“不定式”有关的其他应注意的几个问题
1. 在表示情绪的动词,如like, love, hate, prefer等后,用动名词作宾语表示一般倾向,用不定式表示特定某事。但在would/should like/love/prefer后要用不定式。
  例如:I hate eating the same food every day.
        Would you like to watch TV in the evening?
2. 在动词need, want, require后用动名词表示被动含义,相当于动词不定式的被动式;而用动词不定式的主动式表示主动含义。
  例如:The house needs cleaning. = The house needs to be cleaned.
        He needs to clean the house first.
3. 在介词后一般用动名词作宾语,但在少数介词,如but, except后用动词不定式作宾语,但要注意“to”的省略,如but前有“do”则省去“to”。

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