现在分词与动名词
V-ing 的非谓语动词用法: 动名词和现在分词的区别
V-ing 在英语中可以看作是动名词和现在分词,它们都可以用作非谓语动词,在句中可以充当一定的句子成分。现将其可以充当的句子成分
列表对照如下:
一、V-ing作动名词时具有名词的特征,因而在句中用作主语、表语、宾语、定语,有时它可以有自己的逻辑主语,也可以有时态和语态形式。如:
1. 作主语、表语
动名词作主语和表语表示泛指。如:
Tom's not having finished his homework made his teacher angry.
汤姆没有完成作业使老师很生.(主语)
Her job is keeping the offices clean.
她的工作是保持办公室清洁。(表语)
2. 作宾语require名词
动名词常跟在某些动词如enjoy, finish, mind, can't help(禁不住), suggest(建议), advise, consider(考虑), practise, admit, imagine 等以及含介词的短语动词insist on, from, look forward to, pay attention to等后面作宾语。如:
Do you mind my smoking here? 你介意我在这儿吸烟吗?
3. 作定语
动名词作定语时表示被修饰词的用途和作用。如:
Don't forget to take a shopping basket with you. 别忘了带上购物篮子。
二、V-ing作现在分词充当非谓语动词时,它主要在句中充当定语、表语、宾补、主补及状语。如:
1. 作定语
现在分词作定语时表示该动作正在进行。单个现在分词作定语通常放在被修饰词的前面.现在分词短语作定语则放在被修饰词之后。如:
The rising sun looks very beautiful. 冉冉升起的太阳看上去很美。
若被修饰词与现在分词是被动关系时,须用现在分词的被动式(being done)作定语。如:
The song being broadcast is very popular with the young students.
正在播放的歌曲深受青年学生的欢迎。
现在分词与动名词作定语的区别: 现在分词与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系,而动名词作定语表示作用与用途。如:
Let sleeping dogs lie. 别招惹麻烦。(现在分词。相当于定语从句which are sleeping)
I think some sleeping pills may help you. 我想可以助你入睡。(动名词.表示用途,相当于pills for sleeping)
2. 作表语
现在分词作表语表示主语的性质,这时通常可以看作形容词,可以用very, so或much等修饰。如:
The news that our team had been beaten by them in the match was very surprising.
我们队在比赛中被他们打败的消息让人感到很意外。
The sound we heard last night was so frightening.
我们昨晚听到的声音令人恐怖。
现在分词作表语与现在分词用于进行时态表达的意义是不同的.作表语,说明主语具备的性质,描述的是一种状态;而与助动词be构成现在进行时态和过去进行时态则强调动作正在发生,侧重对动作的描述。试比较: Mr. Zhang is encouraging his students to study English thoroughly.
张老师在鼓励学生们学好英语.
The book is very interesting. 这本书很有趣。
3. 作宾语补足语
动词的现在分词作宾补表明宾语正在进行的动作。可以带现在分词作宾补的动词有find, see, hear, watch, have, get, catch, keep, leave等。如:
When I came in, I found him lying in bed. 我进来时发现他躺在床上。
4. 作状语
现在分词作状语可以表示伴随、原因、条件、结果等。如:
All the students sat in the classroom, waiting for their new teacher to come. 所有的学生都坐在教室里等待新老师的到来。(伴随)
Not having received his reply, she decided to write a second letter. (由于)没有收到他的回信,她决定再写一封。(原因)
Seeing from the top of the hill, you can find the city more beautiful. (如果)从小山顶上看,你会发现这座城市更美丽。(条件)
My parents went to a birthday party yesterday, leaving me alone at home. 昨天我父母去参加一个生日舞会,留下我一个人在家。(结果)
值得注意的是,现在分词作状语时如果句中主语不是自己的逻辑主语,也可以带自己的主语, 构成独立主格结构. 此外, 现在分词也可以用在with的复合结构中表示其逻辑主语是分词动作的发出者。如: Weather permitting, we will go out for a picnic tomorrow. 如果明天天气允许的话,我们将去野餐。(独立主格结构)
With a guide leading the way, we found the village easily. 由于有向导引路,我们轻易就到了那个村庄。(含with的复合结构作状语)
现在分词部分
1. The old farmer,________ the badly-injured and wounded soldier, came out of the burning house, ________for help.
A. supporting; calling
B. supported by; called
C. being supported by; called
D. being supporting; called
2. -Oh, it’s already a quarter past six. What shall we do at the meeting this evening?
-We’ll go on with the matter________ this afternoon.
A. be discussed
B. being discussing
C. discussed
D. which discussed
3. The brave man died,________ his young wife nothing but a________ cottage.
A. left; breaking
B. leaving; broken
C. left; broken
D. to leave; breaking
4. ________hard before, Tom is afraid of failing in the exam.
A. Having been worked
B. Not to have worked
C. Having never worked
D. Never have worked
5.________the exam, the boy was punished by his father.
A. No passing
B. Having passed
C. Not passing
D. Not having passed
6. Time________, I can have done it better.
A. permit
B. be permitted
C. permitting
D. to permit

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