非谓语动词
一．动词不定式
1.动词不定式的构成：to + 动词原形（这里的to是不定式符号，本身无词义）
              否定：not+ (to +) 动词原形
2.动词不定式的句法功能
功能
例句
说明
主语
To speak English is not easy for us. = It is not easy for us to speak English.
作主语用的不定式，常常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在后面，其结构为:It+be+adj.+(for/of sb.)+动词不定式
表语
My work is to clean the room every day. = To clean the room every day is my work.
多数情况下，不定式作表语，可转换为作主语
require名词宾语
—What sports does he like to play?
— He likes to play basketball.
只能作某些动词的宾语，一般不做介词的宾语
宾补
My mother made me play the piano all the time.
在make, let, see, hear, watch等使役动词后，不定式省略to
定语
Have you got anything to say?
不定式做定语，要放在所修饰词的后面
状语
I’m sorry to trouble you.   
不定式作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致
1.to do 作主语常用it 作形式主语
例： To learn English well is useful. → It is useful（for us）to learn English well.
  注意：在kind, good, nice, clever等表示人的品质的形容词后，不用for而用of.
2.一些表示命令，打算或希望的动词后只接动词不定式作宾语：would like, like（想要）, want, wish, hope, decide, plan, except等。
例：Would you like too see a film this evening?
3.在find, think后跟动词不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在句末。
例：I find it easy to read English every day.
4.常见的一些不带to 的动词不定式作宾语
Why not do ……, why don’t you do…, had better (not) do…, would rater do…, could/ would/ will you please (not) do…
例： I would rather stay in the room.
5.一些使役动词和感官动词用不定式作宾语，但to要省略。
一感（fell）、二听（hear, listen to）、三让（let/ make/ let）、四看（look at, see, watch, notice）、五帮助（help）,但变为被动语态是必须加上to.
例：My friends were made to work the whole night by the boss.
6.不定式常和疑问词what,which,when,where,how连用，相当于一个宾语从句。
二．动名词
1.动名词的构成： 动词原形+-ing
2.动名词的句法功能
功能
例句
说明
主语
Eating too much is bad for your health.
谓语动词用单数形式
宾
语
动词
宾语
I like playing basketball very much.
表示一般的习惯或抽象行为或经常性动作
介词
宾语
Stamps are used for sending letters.
表语
His hobby is collecting stamps= Collecting stamps is his hobby.
多数情况下，动名词作表语可装换成做主语
定语
She is in the reading room.
只表明它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等。至置于所修饰词之前
常跟动名词作宾语的词：完成实践值得忙（finish, practice, be worth, be busy）
                      继续习惯别放弃（keep on, be used to, give up）
                      考虑建议不禁想（consider, suggest, can’t help, feel like）
                      喜欢思念要介意（enjoy, miss, mind）
三．分词
1.构成： 动词+ -ing
          动词 + -ed
2.分词的句法功能
功能
例句
说明
定语
Do you know the girl standing under the tree?
Please hand in your written exercise.
现在分词作定语，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词；过去分词作定语，其逻辑宾语就是它所修饰的词。
状语
The students went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.
Seen from the hill, out school looks more beautiful.
分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语
表语
The situation is encouraging.
The boy is too frightened to move.
现在分词表示主语的性质、特征；过去分词表示某种状态（也就是我们常说的人用-ed，物用-ing.）
补足语
Don’t keep us waiting for a long time.
I heard him singing in the classroom.
He’ll have his hair cut after school. 
现在分词作补足语，被补足的宾语或主语是它的逻辑主语（即主动关系）；过去分词作补足语，被补足的宾语或主语是它的逻辑宾语（即被动关系）
四．易混清单
1.动词后接不定式和动名词的区别
    stop to do sth.  停下来去做 
stop doing sth. 停止做
    remember to do sth. 记住要做某事（动作未发生）
remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事（动作已发生）
forget to do sth. 忘记做某事（动作未发生）
Forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事（动作已发生）
try to do sth. 努力去做某事
Try doing sth.  试着去做某事
go on to do sth.  做完一件事，接着去做另一件事
go on doing sth.  继续不停地做某事
allow doing sth. 允许做某事
allow sb. to do sth.  允许某人做某事
regret to do sth. 对要做的事感到遗憾（未做）
Regret doing sth. 对做过的事感到遗憾，后悔（已做）
mean to do sth. 打算，想做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
二． 现在分词和动词不定式作宾语补足语的区别
我们常见的动词有see, watch, notice, hear, feel, have等，它们接不带to的动词不定式作宾补，表示已经完成了的经常性的动作；接现在分词做宾补，表示动作正在进行着。
例： I heard him singing in the classroom. (“唱”这个动作正在进行)
          I heard him sing in the classroom. (“唱”这个动作已经结束)     
三． Need, require, want 做“需要”解时，后加动名词主动式等于加不定式的被动式。
例： The window needs cleaning. →The window needs to be cleaned.
want to be done=want doing
need to be done=need doing
require to be done=require doing
四．现在分词与过去分词的区别
1.在语态上，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动（修饰人用-ed，修饰物用-ing）。
例： the surprising news 令人惊讶的消息
    a surprised man  一个感到惊讶的人
2. 在时间上，现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词表示已近完成的动作。
  例： the developing country  发展中国家
        the developed country 发达国家
五．注意下列“to” 是介词，不是动词不定式。
make (a) contribution(s) to 为……作贡献
devote to 献身，致力于……
look forward to 期盼，盼望
prefer ……to……两者间更喜欢……
be used to … 习惯…….;适应……
1.Granny often tells us ______ water in our daily life. 
A. save
B. saving
C. to save
D. saves
2.Richard turned off the computer after he had finished ______the email.
A. write
B. to write
C. writing
D. wrote
3.Before going to the History Museum, our teacher told us ______ the public rules.
A. obey
B. to obey
C. obeying
D. obeyed
4.James, I’m too tired. Let’s stop ______ a rest.

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