成⼈本科学⼠学位英语语法集锦
成⼈本科学⼠学位英语词汇及常⽤语法集锦
词汇和语法结构题型中常考词汇:
1 虚拟语⽓
宾语从句:order,demand,require,request,direct,command,urge,rule,suggest,advise,vote,propose move,recommend,prefer,decide,insist,desire,decree
主语从句:vital,important,essential,imperative,obligatory,necessary,unnecessary,impossible,sad,strange,natural,advisable,fitting,proper,appropriate,desirable
2 不定式
1) 通常只接动词不定式作宾语的常考动词:
agree,attempt,claim,decide demand,ask,hesitate,beg
,fail,care,consent,promise,desire,hope,intend,learn,offer,plan,refuse,prepare,pretend,
strive,require,appear,arrange,expect,manage,tend,afford,wish,want,seem
,struggle,swear,threaten,wait,undertake,venture,seek ,resolve,aim,determine,endeavor,apply,claim,pledge,pretend,profess,refuse,volunteer,vow,happen
,guarantee,neglect,proceed,prove,condescend,consent,trouble,bother(negative),care(negative),choose,fail etc
2) ⽤于动词+宾语+不定式结构的常考动词:
force,hire,tell,require,teach,warn
,allow,ask,inform,beg,convince,expect,invite,order,permit,promise,instruct,prepare,urge,remind,want,advise,persuade,dare,forbid,like,challenge,request,get,need ,oblige,encourage,enable,compel,recommend,declare,prove,command,encourage,enable,lead,press,etc
1) ⽤于be+形容词+不定式结构的常考形容词
anxious,boring,dangerous,pleased,hard,eager,easy,fortunate,strange,good,ready,usual,prepared,surprised,common,useless,asked,lucky,difficult,likely
satisfied,careful,sure,glad,bored,certain,etc
2) ⽤于名词+不定式结构的常考名词:
failure,offer,plan,ability,decision,desire,chance,permission,occasion,fun,honor,capacity,wish,pleasure,opportunity,demand,way
,refusal,responsibility,freedom,promise,etc.
3) 后⾯跟省去“to”的不定式作宾补的常考动词:
see watch,notice,observe,hear,listen to,feel ,get,make,have,let ,help,bid,know,look at ,smell,etc 2009年成⼈英语三级名词常考考点归纳
⼀、区分可数名词和不可数名词
例1:___great progress he has made!
A.How
B.How a
C.What
D.What a
此题应选C。容易误选D,误认为progress是可数名字。此题命题者主要考察了两个⽅⾯的问题:⼀是感叹句句型;⼆是名词progress的可数性。
感叹句的基本结构是:
1)how+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!
2)what+(a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!(主语为不可数名词或复数形式,其前不⽤a/an)
英语中除了像air,water,milk,iron等这些中国⼈⼀⽬了然的不可数名词外,还有⼀些不可数名词很容易弄错。其中典型的有:work(⼯作),news(消息),luck(运⽓),fun(有趣的事),home-work(家庭作业),advice(劝告、建议),harm(损害,伤害),progress(进步),information(信息、消息),weather(天⽓),wealth(财富),furniture(家具),luggage/baggage(⾏)等。注意⼀下正误句型:
误:I wish you a good luck. .yingyusanji.
正:I wish you good luck。祝你好运。
误:It's a great fun for us to be with her。
正:It's great fun for us to be with her。
误:He gave us some advices。
正:He gave us some advice。
例2:-Where does Mr Smith work?
-He works in a glass_____ around here.
A.work
B.works
C.working
D.workes
此题应选B.容易误选C,误认为:因为其前⽤了不定冠词a,所以不能选work(因为不可数)和works(因为是复数),D 显然是错的。这⾥work有三个意思很容易弄混:
1.表⽰"⼯作"是不可数名词:
He has too much work to do.他要做的⼯作太多。
2.表⽰"著作"或"作品"是可数名词,但多⽤复数:
The man gained his wealth by printing words off amous writers.他通过印刷著名作家的作品⽽赢得他的财富。
3.表⽰"⼯⼚"只⽤复数形式,但可表⽰单数意义:
require名词The glass works is[are]near the station.玻璃⼯⼚在车站附近。
类似地注意以下各名词因变为复数形式,⽽导致含义有变化:
green 绿⾊greens 青菜,蔬菜wood ⽊头,⽊材
woods ⼩树林manner ⽅式,⽅法manners 礼貌
arm 臂arms武器water ⽔
waters河川,海,温泉spirit 精神spirits ⼼境quarter 四分之⼀
quarters 军营custom 习惯customs 关税force ⼒⽓
forces 军队成⼈英语三级考试⽹(.yingyusanji.)
例3:-Can I help you?-____,please.
A.Two teas
B.Two cups of teas
C.Two cup teas
D.Two cup of tea
此题应选A.其余⼏项都容易被误选。要做好此题,先要弄清tea的两种⽤法:
1.表⽰"茶",是物质名词,不可数:
I don't like to drink tea.我不喜欢喝茶。Would you like a cup of tea?要喝杯茶吗?
2.在⼝语中可以表⽰"⼀杯茶",是可数名词;
-
What can I do for you?你要吃点什么?-Two teas,please.请来两杯茶。
但是值得注意的是,虽然以上两种⽤法都可以,但千万不要将这两种⽤法混杂在⼀起。如可以说two teas,也可以说two cupsof tea,但是不能说two cups of teas.
具有类似⽤法的词还有coffee(咖啡):
1.表⽰"咖啡",是物质名词,不可数:
I prefer tea to coffee.我喜欢喝茶不喜欢喝咖啡。
He served us with two cups of coffee.他⽤两杯咖啡招待我们。
2.在⼝语中可以表⽰"⼀杯咖啡",是可数名词:
-Can I help you?你要点什么?
-Two coffees,please.请来两杯咖啡。
同时也要注意不要将以上两种⽤法混在⼀起。如可以说two coffees,也可以说two cups of coffee,但是绝对不能说two cups of coffees.
⼆、数词dozen,score,hundred,thousand,mil lion的⽤法
例I want three_____ these eggs. A.dozen B.dozens C.dozen of D.dozens of
此题涉及两个⽅⾯的问题:⼀是dozen是否加词尾-s,⼆是其后是否接介词of.由于在这个问题上dozen与score,hundred,thousand,million极为相似,所以这⾥将它们放在⼀起叙述:
1)当这些词与具体数字连⽤时,不⽤复数形式,也不后接介词of(尽管有⼈认为score/dozen之后有时可接of,但惯⽤法认为,省略of常见):three hundred students 300名学⽣/three score(of)eggs 60只鸡蛋
2)当这些词不与具体数字连⽤,⽽是表⽰不确定的泛指数,则不仅要⽤复数形式,⽽且要后接介词of,然后才能后接名词:thousands of students数千名学⽣/dozens of times⼏⼗次/mil-lions of years ago数百万年前
3)当这些词与a few,several,many等数⽬不很具体的词连⽤时,⽤不⽤复数形式均可,但是注意:不⽤复数形式,其后的介词of可以省略;⽤复数形式,其后介词of不能省略:several dozen(of) pencils/several dozens of pencils⼏打铅笔
4)当这些词后⾯的名词有了the,these,those等特指限定词修饰时,或其后接的是us,them这样的⼈称代词时,则此时必须⽤介词of:two hundred of the workers这些⼯⼈中的200⼈/threedozen of these eg
gs这些鸡蛋中的3打/four dozen of them它们中的4打
通过以上分析:此题答案显然只能是C.
三.容易弄错的集合名词
It is reported that a great number of ______died in the drought.
A.cattles
B.polices
C.peoples
D.poultry
此题应选D.其余⼏项均可能被误选。此题主要涉及集合名词的⽤法,下⾯将集合名词的有关⽤法作⼀归纳:
Ⅰ类:这⼀类包括cattle(⽜),people(⼈),police(警察),poul-try(家禽)等,其⽤法特点为:只有单数形式,但却表⽰复数意义,⽤作主语时谓语通常也⽤复数;不与a(n)连⽤,但可与the连⽤(表⽰总括意义
和特指):The police are looking for him.People will laugh at you.
Ⅱ类:这⼀类包括family(家庭),team(队),class(班),audience(听众)等,其⽤法特点为:若视为整体,表⽰单数意义;若考虑其个体成员,表⽰复数意义。⽐较:
This class consists of 45 pupils.这个班由45个学⽣组成。
This class are studying English now.这个班的学⽣在学习英语。
Ⅲ类:这⼀类包括baggage/luggage(⾏),clothing(⾐服),furniture(家俱),machinery(机器)等,其⽤法特点为:是不可数名词,要⽤单数形式,不⽤不定冠词(当然更不能⽤数词),没有复数形式:Our clothing protects us from[against] the cold.我们的⾐服可以御寒。
Have you checked all your baggage?你所有⾏都托运了吗?
四.means⽤法易错点
Every possible means_____ been tried,and wefind only______ this means can we do it well. A.have,in B.have,by C.has,in D.has,by
此题应选D.其余⼏项均容易被误选。这⾥主要涉及名词means(⽅式,⽅法,⼿段)的⽤法与搭配:
1.单复数同形(永远有词尾-s)。若⽤作主语,其谓语的数需根据句意来确定。⽐较:
1)All possible means have been tried.2)Every possible means has been tried.
若句意不能明确地表明主语的单复数,其谓语则⽤单数或复数均可:
Is [Are] there any other means of doing it?做这事还有其它的什么办法吗?
2.表⽰以某种⽅式、⽅法或⼿段,⽤介词by:
Only by this means can you do it well.只有通过这种办法你才能做好此事。
有时⽤by means of,意为:⽤,依靠:
Thoughts are expressed by means of words.思想靠语⾔来表达。
3.表⽰做某事的⽅法或⼿段,多接"of+(动)名词":
But they had no means of cooking them.但是他们没有办法来把它们煮熟。
Taking a plane is the quickest means of getting there.去那⼉最快的办法是坐飞机。
成⼈本科学位英语考试,除了《成⼈英语三级词汇⼿册》列出的词之外,我们学习词汇时还应注意容易混淆的词。英语中有些词,词形和读⾳相近,但意义却不同;有些同义词,基本意义相同,但涵的意义有很⼤差异。我们必须在⼴泛阅读的基础上,仔细观察每⼀个词在不同上下⽂中的含义和⽤法,从⽽学会正确使⽤它。
1.able, capable, competent
able为常⽤词,指具有做某事所需的⼒量,技巧,知识与时间等,⼀般下效率⽆关,⽤作定语表⽰能⼒超出平均⽔平。如:A cat is able to see in the dark. (猫在⿊暗中能看见东西。)
capable 指满⾜⼀般要求的能⼒,可以是表现出来的,也可是潜在的,搭配是be capable of +doing。⽤作定语,表⽰的能⼒没有able表⽰的能⼒强。如:He is capable of running a mile in a minute. (他能在⼀分钟跑完⼀英⾥。)He is a very capable doctor. (他是⼀位很好的⼤夫。)
competent 指“胜任”,“合格”,或受过专业技术等训练的,但不是超的能⼒。如:A doctor should be competent to treat many diseases. (医⽣应该能治多种病。)
2.aboard, abroad, board, broad
aboard 在船(或飞机,车)上。如:I never went aboard a ship.
abroad 副词,在国外或海外。如:He often goes abroad.
board 为动词,上(船,飞机,车)。如:The passengers are boarding the plane now.
broad 为形容词,宽⼴的。如:He has very broad shoulders.
3.accept, receive
accept 接受,receive“接到”,“收到”。如:I rec eived an invitation yesterday, but I didn’t accept it. (昨天我收到了⼀个请柬,但并没有接受邀请。)
4.accident, incident, event
accident事故。如:a traffic accident (交通事故)
incident“附带事件”,在政治上特指引起国际争端或战争的事件,事变。
event “事件”,指特别重要的事件,通常是由以前的努⼒⽽产⽣的结果,也指国家和社会的事件。
5. accomplish, complete, finish, achieve, attain
accomplish表成功,强调完成的结果⽽不是过程。如:Because of his hard word, things are accomplished. (由于他的努⼒,事情都已完成了。)
complete 表⽰积极的完成,更具体地指建筑、⼯程等的完成。如:Has he complete his novel yet? (他的⼩说写完了吗?)
finish 最常⽤,后接动词的-ing形式,表⽰在⼀个活动的连续过程中完成了最后的⼀步或阶段。如:I’ll finish the job alone. (我要独⾃完成这项⼯作。)
achieve 完成,实现,强调通过努⼒⽽达到⽬的。如:You will achieve success if you work hard.
Attain达到,实现,常⽤于⼀般⼈的能⼒不易达到的⽬的。如:Greater efforts are needed before we can attain our goals.
6.accurate, correct, exact, precise
accurate准确的,精确的。如:Clocks in railway stations should be accurate.(⽕车站的钟应该是准确的。) correct“正确的”,指符合⼀定的标准或准则,含有“⽆错误的”意味。它的反义词是incorrect, wrong.
exact“精确的”,“恰好的”,⽐“⼤体上正确”更进⼀步,表“丝毫不差”。它的反义词是inexact。
precise强调“精确”,“精密”。
7.accuse, charge, sue
accuse 指责,指控,常与of 搭配。如:His boss accused him of carelessness.
charge 常与with搭配。如:The police charged the driver with reckless driving.
sue 常与for 搭配。如:Smith sued his neighbor for damaging his house.
8.achieve, acquire, require, inquire
achieve(成功地)完成,实现。如:He will never achieve anything unless he works harder. (如他不努⼒⼯作,将会⼀事⽆成。)
acquire取得,获得,学到。如:acquire knowledge (获得知识)
inquire打听,询问。如:inquire a person’s name(问⼀个⼈的)
require需要。如:We require more help. (我们需要更多的帮助。)
9.act, action, deed
act ⽤作名词时,与action, deed均可表“⾏为”,“举动”。Act指时间较短的个⼈⾏动或⾏为,强调结果。如:The farmer caught the boys in the act of stealing his apples. (农夫在孩⼦们正偷他的苹果时把他们抓住了。)
action较正式,往往指不⽌包含⼀个步骤,且持续时间较长的⾏为或⾏动,强调⾏为的过程。如:Actions are more important than words. (⾏动⽐语⾔更重要。)
deed为正式⽤语,多指伟⼤的,显著的,感⼈的⾏为。如:They thanked him for his good deeds. (他们感他做的好事。)
10.actual, true, real, genuine
actual 意为“实际的”,“现实的”,指所形容的事物在事实上已经发⽣或存在,⽽不是仅在理论上可能发⽣或存在的。
true“真实的”,指与实际相符,⽽⾮虚假。
genuine “真的”,“⾮冒充的”,“货真价实的”,强调正宗⽽⾮冒牌。
11.adequate, enough, sufficient
adequate ⾜够的,指数量多,适合需要的数量。
enough⾜够的,指数量多,⾜够满⾜某种⽬的或愿望。
sufficient同enough,常可互换使⽤。但sufficient指数量多,⾜够满⾜某种需要,在⼝语中常⽤enough,在书⾯语中常⽤sufficient,在不易肯定时多⽤enough。Enough可放在被修饰名词后,且可作副词,sufficient则不可这么⽤。
12.admit, confess
两者都表“承认”。
admit指⼤胆地承认以前试图不论或推诿的坏事。如:John has admitted to breaking the window. (约翰已承认打破了窗玻璃。)
Confess常指承认错误,罪⾏等。如:The thief confessed his crime to the police. (⼩偷向警察承认了罪⾏。)
13.advice,advise
advice劝告(名词)。如:I want to give you some advice.
advise劝告(动词)。如:What do you advise me to do?
14.adopt, adapt
adopt (1)收养。如:Since they have no children of their own, they decided to adopt a little girl. (他们⾃⼰没有孩⼦,所以决定收养⼀个⼩⼥孩。)(2)采纳,采⽤,通过。如:He adopted our suggestion.(他采纳了我们的建议。) adopt与adapt词形相近,后者的意思是“使适合”,“改编”等。
15.advance, proceed, progress
均可表“前进”。
advance表向⼀个特定的⽬的地,在⼀定的时间或空间稳定地向前运动。如:Napoleon’s army advanced on Moscow. (拿破仑的军队向莫斯科挺进。)
proceed强调从⼀处向另⼀处的运动,常表停顿后继续前进。如:They proceeded from London to Paris. (他们从伦敦往巴黎前进。)
peogress 多表⾃然过程,指⽣长,发展等稳定地或循环往复地前进。如:The year is progressing, it will soon be summer. (光阴似箭,很快⼜是夏天了。)
16.advantage, benefit, profit
advantage 常指⼀种使某⼈处于⽐其他⼈相对有利的地位,机会或时机。如:He had the advantage of good education. (受过良好的教育对他⼗分有利。)
profit 多指报偿或报偿性的收⼊。如Did you make any profit last year? (你去年赚钱了吗?)
benefit 指物质利益或精神⽅⾯的好处。如:I get no personal benefit from the business.(我个⼈从这家企业中并不获益。)
17.advise, convince, persuade
均可表“劝说”。
advise表建议,规劝某⼈应该做某事或如何做。如:He advised me to put my money in the bank. (他劝我把钱存⼊银⾏。)
convince指向某⼈述事实,运⽤推理或逻辑证明使某⼈信服。如:We convinced Smith to go by train rather than plane. (我们说服了史密斯乘⽕车⽽不乘飞机前往。)
persuade指⽤感情说服某⼈去做某事。如:I persuaded him to go back to work. (我说服他回去⼯作了。)
18.affect, effect
affect影响(动词)。如Smoking affects health.
effect效果,影响(名词)。如:Government policy will not have any effect on us.
19.afford, provide, supply
都有“提供,供给”的意思。
afford⼀般只⽤于抽象事物。
provide 和supply意思相同,两个词都和with连⽤,构成provide /supply somebody with something的结构。
20.agree, consent
agree 为常⽤词。如:Do you agree to the condition? (你同意这个条件吗?)
consent为正式⽤词,多⽤于上下级的关系,表⽰同意别⼈的要求或请求。如:Did the king consent to your plan?(国王同意你的计划吗?)
21.aid, help, assist
⽤作动词均可表“帮助”。
aid为正式⽤词,help最常⽤。
assist最正式,表⽰协助某⼈做某事,尤指在体⼒上或具体事务上帮助和扶持。如:She employed a woman to assist her with the housework. (她雇了⼀名妇⼥帮她做家务。)
22.alive, living, live
alive 指虽有死的可能,但仍活着,⼀般只作表语。
living可⽤于⼈或物,作定语时可前可后。
live只做前置定语,⽤于动物和个别事物前。
23.almost, nearly
⼀般说来,almost⽐nearly 表⽰的意思更接近“开始”、“完成” (⽬标)等。
在all, every, always 前,两者都可⽤。如:He is almost (nearly) smoking. (他⼏乎每天抽烟。)
almost可同never, no, nobody, none, nothing 连⽤,⽽nearly却不能。如:Almost no one believed her. (⼏乎没⼈相信他。)
24.alone, lonely
alone只表“独⾃”的客观状态,没有感情⾊彩,只作表语;lonely表“孤独”,:“寂寞”,能作定语和表语。如:When she is left alone, she feels lonely. (剩下她⼀⼈时她就感到寂寞。)
alone, only均可表“只有”,但alone须置于被修饰词之后,only往往置于被修饰词前。如:He alone (Only he) can remember the story. (只有他才能记起这段经历。)
25.already, all ready
already已经(副词)。如:The plane had already landed before we got to the airport.
all ready准备好的(作表语)。如:We were all ready to leave when the telephone rang.
26.alter, change
作不及物动词时,两者可通⽤。
作及物动词时,alter是对局部,表⾯的改变,⽽change则是对本质的,全⾯的,彻底的改变。如:Can you alter the dress? (你会改做这件⾐服吗?)Can you change the dress?(你能给我更换这件⾐服吗?)
27.altogether, all together
altogether总计,总共。如:Altogether there are six of us. (我们总计六⼈。)
all together 全都在⼀起。如:We played the game all together. (我们⼤家都⼀起来玩游戏吧。)
28.amaze, astonish, surprise
都可作及物动词,意思相近,⼀般都是以事物作主语,⼈称作宾语。
amaze强调“使惊讶”,有时还有“惊叹”,“佩服”等意。
astonish表⽰“使⼤吃⼀惊”,“⼏乎使⼈⽆法相信”之意。
surprise只表“出乎意料之外”。
29.among, between
among 在……中间(三者或三者以上之间)。如:Our house is hidden among trees.
between在两者之间。如:It is easy to distinguish between a Japanese and a Chinese.
30.announce, declare (.yingyusanji.)
announce指宣布公众期望或与公众有关的事情,含有预告的意味。如:The government announced that they would pay their debts. (政府宣布将偿还债务。)
declare指正式负责地宣布,声明,通常⽤于庄重的场合。如:The judge declared him guilty.(法官宣布他有罪。)
31.annoy, bother, trouble, disturb
annoy指外界的⼲扰令⼈讨厌或⽆法忍受,或指某⼈故意去妨碍别⼈。
bother打扰,⿇烦,指给⼈⾏动带来不便或⾝⼼上带来痛苦。如:May I trouble you with a few questions?
disturb打扰,扰乱,指使正常秩序或⼀时的受到破坏,精⼒⼀时不能集中。如:I am sorry to disturb you.
32.answer, reply, respond
⽤作动词,都可表“回答”,“答复”。
answer是常⽤词,后可接letter(回信),question(回答问题),doorbell(开门),telephone(接),advertisement(应征⼴告)等。
reply较正式,⼀般只作不及物动词,可与to连⽤。如:He has replied to my letter.(他回答了我信中提的问题。) respond作“回答”解,⽤得较少,也同to 搭配。如:He quickly responded to the question. (他很快就回答了问题。)
另外,respond还可表“对……反应”,“响应”。
33. appreciate, enjoy
appreciate指对事物有深刻的理解能⼒并能鉴赏。
enjoy是⼀般⽤语,仅指感官或智⼒上的满⾜,“享受”的意味较强。
34. approve, prove
approve(1)赞成,同意。如:I don’t approve of wasting time.(我不赞成浪费时间。)
(2)批准,通过。如:The minister approved the building plan. 部长批准了建筑计划。
prove和approve词形相似,prove是“证明”,“表明是”等。
35. argue, debate, dispute
argue着重“说理”,“论证”,“企图说明”,且后可接that引导的从句。
debate着重双⽅各⾃述理由,尤其是“公开地”、“正式地”辩论。如:The subject was hotly debated.
dispute着重就分歧进⾏热烈的“争论”,含有“相持不下”或“未得到解决”的意味。如:He disputed with his wife on household expenses.
36. arise, rise, raise
arise表⽆形的东西(如困难,问题等)“出现”,“发⽣”。
rise指具体事物的“上升”,“升起”,也是不及物动词。如:The sun rises in the east.(太阳从东边升起。)
raise为及物动词,“使……上升”,“举起”等。如:He raised his hand.(他举了⼿。)
37. assure, ensure, insure
assure以⼗分肯定的语⽓向别⼈保证某事⼀定会发⽣,后需连⽤⼈称代词或指⼈的名词作宾语。
ensure表普通的“保证”。
insure表“保险”,有时同ensure可以换⽤。
38. awake, wake, waken
都可作动词。
awake既可及物,也可不及物,多⽤于⽐喻。
wake常指“睡醒”,多为不及物动词。
waken多⽤作及物动词,常指“吵醒”,“惊醒”。
39. await, wait
await是及物动词。如:I await your further instructions.
wait“等”、“等候”,是不及物动词,后常接介词for。如:I will wait for you at the school gate.
40. award, prize, reward
award, reward作动词。award意为“授予(奖品,奖⾦等)”,后⾯可跟双宾语;reward意为“报酬”,“酬”,只能跟⼈或以⼈的⾏为作宾语。
award, prize, reward作名词时,award常指奖⾦,奖品;prize多指在竞赛、竞争中获胜所赢得的奖;reward则指为某项劳动或⾏为所付的酬⾦。
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