动词的时态和语态总结
✧I.动词的时态：
1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：
require名词现在时 | 过去时 | 将来时 | 过去将来时 | |
一般 | ask / asks | asked | shall/will ask | should/would ask |
进行 | am/is/are asking | was/were asking | shall/will be asking | should/would be asking |
完成 | have/has asked | had asked | shall/will have asked | should/would have asked |
完成进行 | have/has been asking | had been asking | shall/will have been asking | should/would have been asking |
✧II. 动词的被动语态：
常用被动语态 | 构成 | 常用被动语态 | 构成 | ||
1 | 一般现在时 | am/is/are asked | 6 | 过去进行时 | was/were being asked |
2 | 一般过去时 | was/were asked | 7 | 现在完成时 | have/has been asked |
3 | 一般将来时 | shall/will be asked | 8 | 过去完成时 | had been asked |
4 | 过去将来时 | should/would be asked | 9 | 将来完成时 | will/would have been asked |
5 | 现在进行时 | am/is/are being asked | 10 | 含有情态动词的 | can/must/may be asked |
注 意 事 项 | 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如： Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. | ||||
汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… | |||||
下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如： The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. | |||||
下面词或短语没有被动态： leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等 | |||||
非谓语动词
✧I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：
非谓语形式 | 构成 | 特征和作用 | ||||
时态和语态 | 否定式 | 复合结构 | ||||
不定式 | to do to be doing to have done | to be done to have been done | 在非谓语前加not | for sb. to do sth. | 具有名词，副词和形容词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语 | |
分词 | 现在分词 | doing having done | being done having been done | 具有副词和形容词的作用 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语 | ||
过去分词 | done | |||||
动名词 | doing having done | being done having been done | sb’s doing | 具有名词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定和表语 | ||
✧II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较：
情况 | 常用动词 | ||
只接不定式做宾语的动词 | hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen | ||
只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语 | mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider | ||
can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to | |||
两者都可以 | 意义基本相同 | begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为） | |
need, want, require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式） | |||
意义相反 | stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 | ||
意义不同 | remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生） remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生） | go on to do（接着做另外一件事） go on doing（接着做同一件事） | |
try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力） try doing（试试去做，看有何结果） | mean to do（打算做，企图做） mean doing （意识是，意味着） | ||
can’t help to do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做） | |||
✧III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别：
常见动词 | 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 | 例句 | |
不定式 | ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage | 主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成 | I heard him call me several times. |
have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make | |||
现在分词 | notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel | 主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成 | I found her listening to the radio. |
过去分词 | 动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态 | We found the village greatly changed. | |
✧IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别：
区别 | 举例 | |
不定式 | 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生 | I have a lot of papers to type. I have a lot of papers to be typed. |
动名词 | 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系 | Shall we go to the swimming pool? |
现在分词 | 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生 | the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling leaves / the fallen leaves |
过去分词 | 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成 | |
✧V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别：
区别 | 举例 | |
不定式 | 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。 | My dream is to become a teacher. To obey the law is important. (dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主语时常用) |
动名词 | 与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。 | It is no use saying that again and again. Teaching is my job. |
分词 | 无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。 现在分词多含有“令人…”之意，说明主语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到…”之意，主语多是人。 | The situation is encouraging. The book is well written. (常见分词有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形式) |
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