动词不定式的概念
  在语法中,[1]是动词的一种不带词形变化从而不指示人称、数量、时态的形式。它被叫做不定式,是因为动词不被限定,或者说不被词形变化所局限。
  动词不定式指由to 加上动词原形(而且只能是动词原形)所构成的一种非限定性动词,但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语 、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
动词不定式的构成与形式
  动词不定式可以作以上各种成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性。
  动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者发出。这一使动者我们称之为逻辑主语,其形式如下:
 
时态
主动形式
被动形式
一般式
(not)to do
(not)to be done
完成式
(not)to have done
(not)to have been done
进行式
(not)to be doing
完成进行式
(not)to have been doing
1) 一般式:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
  He seems to know this.他好像知道这。
  I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
  2) 完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
  I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉给你添了这么多麻烦。
  He seems to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。
  3) 进行式:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
  He seems to be eating something.他似乎在吃东西。
  4) 完成进行式:
  She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.她知道已处于这个问
题很多年了。
编辑本段不定式在句中的成分
一、作宾语
  1)动词+ 不定式afford,aim,appear,agree,arrange,ask,be,decide,bother,care,choose,come,dare,demand,desire,determine,expect,elect,endeavor,hope,fail,happen,help,hesitate,learn,long,mean,manage,offer,ought,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,seem,tend,wait,wish. 
  The driver failed to see the other car in time. 
  司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
  I happen to know the answer to your question. 
  我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
  2)动词+宾语+不定式
  ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, wan
t, wish…
  例句:
  a. I like to keep everything clean.
  我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
  b. I like you to keep everything clean.
  我喜欢你能使每件东西都保持整洁。
  c. I want to talk to Tom.
  我想和汤姆谈话。
  d. I want you to talk to Tom.
  我想让你和汤姆谈话。
  3)动词+疑问词+ 不定式
  decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell 
  例句:
  a. Please show us how to do that.
  请演示给我们如何去做。
  b. There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.
  有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
  c. The question is how to put it into practice.
  问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
  (注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。)
二、作补语
  1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do) 
  advise,allow,appoint,believe,cause,challenge,command,compel,consider,declare,drive,enable,encourage,find,forbid,force,guess,hire,imagine,impel,induce,inform,instruct,invite,judge,know,like,order,permit,persuade,remi-nd,report,request,require,select,send,state,suppose,tell,think,train,trust,understand,urge,warn…
  例句:
  a. Father will not allow us to play on the street. 
elect是什么意思
  父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
  b. We believe him to be guilty.
  我们相信他是有罪的。
  Find 的特殊用法:   
Find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。
  例句:
  a. I found him lying on the ground.
  b. I found it important to learn.
  c. I found that to learn English is important.
  典型例题: 
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed,dead. 
  A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 
  答案:A.find的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。
  2) to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词
  Acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover,fancy(设想),feel,find,guess,judge,imagine,know, prove,see(理解),show,suppose,take(以为),understand
  例句:
  a. We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
  我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
  典型例题 
Charles Babbage is generally considered __ the first computer. 
  A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 
  答案:A. 由consider to dosth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实,不定式后用原形
即可。而C为现在完成时,发明为点动词一般不用完成时,且此处也不强调对现在的影响,因此不选C。
  3) to be +形容词 
Seem,appear,be said,be supposed,be believed,be thought,be known,be reported,hope, wish,desire,want,plan,expect,mean…
  例句:
  a. The book is believed to be uninteresting.
  人们认为这本书没什么意思。
  4) there be+不定式
  believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstand
  例句:
  a. We didn't expect there to be so many people there.
  我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
  有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard, think believe, take, consider.
  We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
  Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
三、作主语
  easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better; 
  the first,the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enough,Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate,silly,elfish

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