TOEFL junior 语法和词汇考试部分当中,语法最基础也是最常出现的考点就是简单句与名词性从句的知识,简单句包括哪些类型,它们又如何转换为名词性句呢,笔者在这里做了简要的总结和梳理。
五种基本句型分类
. 句型:主语+系动词+表语
系动词,又叫连系动词,这种动词并没有具体大动作,而只是起连接助于和后面成分的作用。这种动词后面所接的成分是用来说明助于的特点,表明主语的性质特征的,因此被称为主语补足语或标语(能表示主语特征的成分),这就是主系表结构。
1.      单纯表示助于的特征,状态的feel, look, sound, taste, seem, appear
The iron feels hot.
2.      表示助于有一种状态转变为另一种状态的 become, grow, get, turn, fall, go come
3.      表示助于保持某种状态的
4.      近似于不及物动词的系动词
More examples:
All the audience sat silent.
He was born poor.
I was born a leader.
. 句型:主语+谓语
      谓语动词是不及物动词,所表示的动作没有作用对象,其本身意思完整,其后不需带宾语。
例如:
The egg hatched.
An eagle’s egg was placed in the nest of a prairie chicken.
. 句型:主语+谓语+宾语
elect是什么意思
      这种句型的谓语动词是及物动词(transitive verb,这种动词告诉我们由主语发出的动作所作用的对象是什么,这个所作用的对象就是通常所说的宾语,即宾语是主语动作的承受对象,因此,这类动词是带有宾语的。英文中绝大多数动词都是及物动词。
Just like instant coffee, they want instant happiness.
. 句型:主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
谓语动词的特点:双宾动词(dative verb), 这种动词后面所接的成分有人又有物。一般来讲,这里的表示动作的接受者,称作间接宾语(indirect object; “物表示动作作用的对象,是动作的承受着,称作直接宾语(direct object)。 间接宾语和直接宾语合起来称为双
宾语。
He showed the guard his passport.
He showed his passport to the guard.
I am going to buy her a gift=I am going to buy a gift for her.
介词选择for还是to,取决于谓语动词。
1.      show一样,当间接宾语后移时,间接宾语前需带介词to,表示间接宾语是动作的接受者。这样的动词有:assign, award, bring, deliver, deny, feed, give, grant, hand, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, promise, post, read, recommend, sell , send, show, take write.
2.      buy 一样,当间接宾语后移时, 间接宾语前需带介词for。这样的动词有:book, buy, build, change, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, keep, make ,order, prepare sing等。
3.      有个别动词只用于主语+动词+间接宾语(+直接宾语)的结构,而不用介词来替换。这样的动词有:charge, cost bet等等。
例如:
I’ll bet you ten dollars.
The repairman charged me ten dollars.
. 句型:主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
谓语动词:该句型的谓语动词是宾补动词(factitive verb,这种动词后面接宾语,而此宾语后又接补充说明宾语的补足语(object complement)。 宾语和宾语补足语合起来成为复合宾语。
常见的带复合宾语的动词有: appoint, believe, call, choose, consider, declare, elect, feel, find, keep, leave, let, make, name, nominate, prove , see, suppose vote.
A hedge between keeps friendship green.
They appointed John chairman.
You can leave the door open.
如何区分双宾语和复合宾语?
在宾语后面加上be动词,若能够构成一个语义通顺的句子,就是补足语。
1I make John our chairman.John可以是我们的主席,所以是补足语)
2I made John a cake.John不能是蛋糕,所以是复合宾语)
1)      She will make him a good husband.
2)      She will make him a good wife.
从简单句到复合句
主语----------句子充当主语---------------主语从句
宾语----------句子充当宾语---------------宾语从句
表语----------句子充当表语---------------表语从句      名词从句
同位语-------句子充当同位语------------同位语从句
定语----------句子充当定语-----------------------------------------定语从句      三大类基本从句
状语----------句子充当状语--------------------------------------------------------状语从句
名词从句
相当于名词作用的句子有三类:陈述句,一般疑问句以及特殊疑问句。
名词从句就是用三种句子来分别充当另一个句子的四种句子成分。
陈述句
名词从句
解释
1.      English is important
2.      That English is important is an undoubted fact.
陈述句作主语,构成主语从句
1.      Love, not time, heals all wounds.
2.      I’ve learned that love, not time , heals all wounds.
陈述句作宾语,构成宾语从句
1.      The child should be sent to school
2.      My idea is that the child should be sent to school.
陈述句作表语,构成表语从句
1.      He succeeded in the experiment.
2.      The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.
陈述句用作同位语,补充说明名词the fact, 构成同位语从句
为什么要加that?
That English is important is an undoubted fact.
That ----that 后面紧接的句子是要作为另一个句子的某一个成分来使用的,不是要表达的核心意思。
1  the criminal confessed his sins harmed many people.
2  The criminal confessed that his sins harmed many people.
1)      He said no word at the meeting was strange.
2)      That he said no word at the meeting was strange.
宾语从句中的that可以省去:主语的谓语已经出现,谓语后面的成分自然是宾语,在不影响句子意思的情况下,可以把that 省去。
一般疑问句做句子成分
1.      whether if 引导
把一个一般疑问句当做名词来使用的时候,需要先将疑问句的倒装语序变成陈述句语序,并在句首加上whether if(if只用于宾语从句中)来引导,以保留原句的疑问意义。然后,把whether+陈述句这一结构分别充当另一个句子的主语,宾语,表语或同位语等四种成分。
一般疑问句
名词从句
解释
1.      Will he come to my party?
2.      Whether he will come to my party makes no difference to me.
一般疑问句作主语,构成主语从句
1.      Does he need my help?
2.      I don’t know if/whether he needs my help.
一般疑问句作宾语,构成宾语从句
1.      Will people live on the moon someday?
2.      My question is whether people will live on the moon someday.
一般疑问句作表语,构成表语从句
1.      Is there life on other planets?
2.      Scientists have argued over the question whether there is life on other planets.
一般疑问句作同位语,补充说明question,构成同位语从句。

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