计算机专业毕业论文中英对照翻译’
(2009-06-02 02:21:23)
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分类： 全々学术报
外文文献翻译（译成中文3000字左右）：
【主要阅读文献不少于5篇，译文后附注文献信息，包括：作者、书名（或论文题目）、出版社（或刊物名称）、出版时间（或刊号）、页码。提供所译外文资料附件（印刷类含封面、封底、目录、翻译部分的复印件等，网站类的请附网址及原文】
 
 Understanding Web Addresses
  You can think of the World Wide Web as a network of electronic files stored on computers all around the world. Hypertext links these resources together. Uniform Resource Locators or URLs are the addresses used to locate these files. The information contained in a URL gives you the ability to jump from one web page to another with just a click of your mouse. When you type a URL into your browser or click on a hypertext link, your browser is sending a request to a remote computer to download a file.
  What does a typical URL look like? Here are some examples:
  english.chinaschool/
  The home page for study English.
  ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/
A directory of files at MIT available for downloading.
news:ses 
A newsgroup on rose gardening.
  The first part of a URL (before the two slashes* tells you the type of resource or method of access at that address. For example:
Ø      http - a hypertext document or directory
Ø      gopher - a gopher document or menu
Ø      ftp - a file available for downloading or a directory of such files
Ø      news - a newsgroup
Ø      telnet - a computer system that you can log into over the Internet
Ø      WAIS - a database or document in a Wide Area Information Search database
Ø      file - a file located on a local drive (your hard drive)
  The second part is typically the address of the computer where the data or service is located. Additional parts may specify the names of files, the port to connect to, or the text to search for in a database.
  You can enter the URL of a site by typing it into the Location bar of your web browser, just under the toolbar.
  Most browsers record URLs that you want to use again, by adding them to a special menu. In Netscape Navigator, it's called Bookmarks. In Microsoft Explorer, it's called Favorites. Once you add a URL to your list, you can return to that web page simply by clicking on the name in your list, instead of retyping the entire URL.
  Most of the URLs you will be using start with http which stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol*. http is the method by which HTML files are transferred over the Web. Here are some other important things to know about URLs:
Ø        A URL usually has no spaces.
Ø        A URL always uses forward slashes (//).
If you enter a URL incorrectly, your browser will not be able to locate the site or resource you want. Should you get an error message or the wrong site, make sure you typed the address correctly.
You can find the URL behind any link by passing your mouse cursor over the link. The pointer will turn into a hand and the URL will appear in the browser's status bar, usually located at the bottom of your screen.
 
 
Decoding Error Messages
As you surf the Net, you will undoubtedly find that at times you can't access certain websites. Why, you make wonder? Error messages attempt to explain the reason. Unfortunately, these cryptic* messages baffle* most people. We've deciphered* the most common ones you may encounter.
  400 - Bad Request
  Problem: There's something wrong with the address you entered. You may not be authorized* to access the web page, or maybe it no longer exists.
  Solution: Check the address carefully, especially if the address is long. Make sure that the slashes are correct (they should be forward slashes) and that all the names are properly spelled. Web addresses are case sensitive, so check that the names are capitalized in your entry as they are in the original reference to the website.
  401 - Unauthorized
  Problem: You can't access a website, because you're not on the guest list, your password is invalid or you have entered your password incorrectly.
  Solution: If you think you have authorization, try typing your password again. Remember that passwords are case sensitive.
  403 - Forbidden
  Problem: Essentially the same as a 401.
  Solution: Try entering your password again or move on to another site.
  404 - Not Found
  Problem: Either the web page no longer exists on the server or it is nowhere to be found.
  Solution: Check the address carefully and try entering it again. You might also see if the site has a search engine and if so, use it to hunt for the document. (It's not uncommon for pages to change their addresses when a website is redesigned.) To get to the home page of the site, delete everything after the domain name and hit the Enter or Return key.
  503 - Service unavailable
  Problem: Your Internet service provider (ISP) or your company's Internet connection may be down.
  Solution: Take a stretch, wait a few minutes and try again. If you still have no luck, phone your ISP or system administrator.
  Bad file request
  Problem: Your web browser may not be able to decipher the online form you want to access. There may also be a technical error in the form.
  Solution: Consider sending a message to the site's webmaster, providing any technical information you can, such as the browser and version you use.
  Connection refused by host
  Problem: You don't have permission to access the page or your password is incorrect.
  Solution: Try typing your password again if you think you should have access.
  Failed DNS lookup
  Problem: DNS stands for the Domain Name System, which is the system that looks up the name of a website, finds a corresponding number (similar to a phone number), then directs your request to the appropriate web server on the Internet. When the lookup fails, the host server can't be located.
  Solution: Try clicking on the Reload or Refresh button on your browser toolbar. If this doesn't work, check the address and enter it again. If all else fails, try again later.
  File contains no data
  Problem: The site has no web pages on it.
  Solution: Check the address and enter it again. If you get the same error message, try again later.
  Host unavailable
  Problem: The web server is down.
  Solution: Try clicking on the Reload or Refresh button. If this doesn't work, try again later.
  Host unknown
  Problem: The web server is down, the site may have moved, or you've been disconnected from the Net.
  Solution: Try clicking on the Reload or Refresh button and check to see that you are still online. If this fails, try using a search engine to find the site. It may have a new address.
  Network connection refused by the server
  Problem: The web server is busy.
  Solution: Try again in a while.
  Unable to locate host
  Problem: The web server is down or you've been disconnected from the Net.
  Solution: Try clicking on the Reload or Refresh button and check to see that you are still online.
  Unable to locate server
  Problem: The web server is out-of-business or you may have entered the address incorrectly.
  Solution: Check the address and try typing it again.
 
Domain Names
When you think of the Internet, you probably think of "." Just what do those three letters at the end of a World Wide Web address mean?
Every computer that hosts data on the Internet has a unique numerical address. For example, the numerical address for the White House is 198.137.240.100. But since few people want to remember long strings of numbers, the Domain Name System (DNS) was developed. DNS, a critical part of the Internet's technical infrastructure, correlates a numerical address to a word. To access the White House website, you could type its number into the address box of your web browser. But most people prefer to use "v." In this case, the domain name v.
In general, the three-letter domain name suffix is known as a generic top-level domain and describes the type of organization. In the last few years, the lines have somewhat blurred between these categories.
• - business (commercial)
•.edu - educational
•.org - non-profit
•.mil - military
• - network provider
•.gov - government
A domain name always has two or more parts separated by dots and typically consists of some form of an organization's name and the three-letter suffix. For example, the domain name for IBM is "ibm"; the United Nations is "un.org."
If a domain name is available, and provided it does not infringe on an existing trademark, anyone can register the name for $35 a year through Network Solutions, Inc., which is authorized to register , and .org domains. You can use the box below to see if a name is available. Don't be surprised if the name you want is already taken, however. Of the over 8 million domain names, 85% are domains.
ICANN, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, manages the Domain Name System. As of this writing, there are plans to add additional top-level domains, such as .web and .store. When that will actually happen is anybody's guess. To check for, or register a domain name, type it into the search box. It should take this form: myname In addition to the generic top-level domains, 244 national top-level domains were established for countries and territories, for example:
.au - Australia
.ca - Canada
.fr - France
.de - Germany
.uk - United Kingdom
For US $275 per name, you can also register an international domain name with Net Names. Be aware that some countries have restrictions for registering names. If you plan to register your own domain name, whether it's a or not, keep these tips in mind: The shorter the name, the better. (But it should reflect your family name, interest or business.) The name should be easy to remember. It should be easy to type without making mistakes. Remember, the Internet is global. Ideally, a domain name will "read" in a language other than English.
 
 
翻译：
理解网络地址
你可以把万维网想象成一个存储在世界各地计算机上的电子文件的网络。超文本把这些资源链接在一起。统一资源定位器或者称之为URL是用来定位这些文件的地址。你只需单击一下鼠标，URL中包含的信息就可以让你从一个网页直接跳到另一个网页。当你在浏览器中输入一个URL或是单击一个超文本链接，你的浏览器就向远程计算机发送了下载文件的请求。
    一个典型的URL是什么样的呢？以下是几个例子。
    english.chinaschool/
    ---一个英语学习网站的主页
    ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/
    --- 麻省理工学院一个可供下载的文件目录
    news:ses 
    ---一个有关玫瑰园艺的新闻组
一个URL的第一部分，即两条斜线之前的部分告诉你资源类型或是那个地址的访问方式。比如说：
Ø        http - 一个超文本文档或目录
Ø        gopher–一个鼹鼠文档或菜单
Ø        ftp – 一个可供下载的文件或这类文件的目录
Ø        news – 一个新闻组
Ø        telnet – 一个可以通过因特网登录的计算机系统
Ø        WAIS – server error翻译一个广域信息检索数据库中的数据库或文档
Ø        file –储存在本地磁盘（你的硬盘）中的文件
第二部分是典型的数据或服务所在的计算机的地址。附加的部分可能指定了文件名，连接端口，或是在数据库中检索的文本。
你可以在到网页浏览器的地址栏中（就在工具栏的下方）键入该网站的URL以进入该网站。
大多数浏览器会把你访问过的URL添加到一个专用的菜单，以便你下次再访问。这个菜单在网景导航器中被称为书签。在微软的浏览器中，它被称为收藏夹。一旦你把一个URL添加到你的清单中，当你下次再访问时，你只需点击一下列表中的名称就可以很轻松地进入该网页，而无须再键入一个完整的URL了。
你使用的大多数URL以http作为前缀，意为超文本传送协议。http使得HTML文件可以在网上传送。以下是一些关于URL的其他要点：
Ø        一个URL通常没有空格。
Ø        一个URL总使用正斜杠（//）。
    如果你错误地键入了一个URL，你的浏览器将无法定位你所需要的网站或资源。如果你不想得到错误信息提示或错地方，就请确保你输入的地址是正确的。
    在那些链接上方移动你的鼠标光标，你就可以到这个链接所指向的URL。指针将变成一只手形，这个URL也会显示在浏览器的状态栏中。状态栏通常出现在屏幕的底部。
 
解析出错信息
    当你在网上冲浪的时候，毫无疑问有时你会发现你无法访问某些网站。这是为什么呢？你可能想问其中的原因。出错信息试图解释其原因。然而，不幸的是这些谜一样的信息常常会难倒大多数人。我们已经破译出了你可能会遇到的最为常见的一些信息。
    400 --- 错误的请求
    问题：你输入的地址有问题。可能是你未经授权访问该网页，或是该网页已不存在。
    解决方法：仔细检查地址，尤其是较长的地址。确保斜杠正确（应当是正斜杠）且拼写完全正确，网址是区分大小写的，因此输入时要确保其名称大小写，因为它们会被原封不动地提交查网站。
    401 --- 未经授权
    问题：你不能访问某个网站是因为你不在它们的会员列表上，你的密码无效或者输入的密码不正确。
    解决方法：如果你认为已经取得了授权，试着再输一次密码。记住密码是区分大小写的。
   403 --- 禁止访问
    问题：与401项基本相同。
    解决方法：试着再输一次密码，或者转到其他站点。
    404 --- 不到网页
    问题：这个网页或已不再在服务器上或根本无处可寻。
    解决方法：仔细检查地址并试着再输一次，你也可以这个站点是否有搜索引擎，如果有，就用它来搜索该文档（当某个网站重新设计时，网页地址的改变是很正常的）。而要进入该站点的主页，删去域名后的所有东西并按Enter键或点击返回键。
   503 --- 无效的服务
    问题：你的因特网服务供应商(ISP)或你公司的网络连接中断。
    解决方法：舒展一下身体，等一下再试。若仍不成功，给因特网服务供应商或系统管理员打个电话申告故障。
    错误的文件请求
    问题：你的网页浏览器可能无法辨认你想访问内容的联机形式。也许其形式存在技术错误。
    解决方法：考虑给站点的站长发一条信息，提供你所知道的技术信息，如：你使用的浏览器和版本号。
    被服务器主机拒绝的连接请求
    问题：你未经授权访问该网页或你的密码不正确。
    解决方法：如果你认为你访问权限，试着再输入一次密码。
    DNS查失败
    问题：DNS就是域名系统，它是查询网站名字的系统，它先一个相应的数字（类似电话号码），然后根据你的请求直接到因特网上适当的网络服务器。如果查失败，就意味着无法定位服务器主机。
    解决方法：试这点击你的浏览器工具栏上的重新加载或刷新按钮，如果不行，检查地址并再输入一次，如果全部失败，则等一下再试。
    没有数据的文件
问题：此站点无网页。
解决方法：检查地址并再输入一次，如果返回同样的错误信息，稍后再试。
   不到服务器
    问题：网络服务器关闭。
    解决方法：试着点击重新加载或刷新按钮，不行的话，稍后再试。
    未知的服务器
    问题：网络服务器关闭，或该站点已转移，或者你的网络连接断开。
    解决方法：试着点击重新加载或刷新按钮并检查你是否仍在线。如果失败，试着用搜索引擎查这个站点，它也许会有一个。
    被服务器拒绝的网络连接
    问题：网络服务器繁忙。
    解决方法：过一会再试。
   无法定位主机
    问题：网络服务器关闭或你的网络连接断开。
    解决方法：试着点击重新加载或刷新按钮并检查你是否仍在线。
   无法定位服务器
    问题：网络服务器瘫痪或你键入的地址不正确。
    解决方法：检查地址并再输入一次。
 
域 名
  当你想到因特网的时候, 你或许想到 "。"那三个在万维网地址后面的字母究竟表示什么含义呢?
  每部在因特网上存储数据的计算机有一个独特的数字住址。举例来说，白宫的数字住址是 198.137.240.100。但是因为很少有人愿意去记这一长串的数字, 域名系统 (DNS) 就开发出来了。DNS是因特网技术基础的一个关键组成部份, 它把一组数字地址和一个单词联系起来。如要访问白宫网站，你可以在你的网页浏览器的地址栏输入它的数字地址。但是大多数的人更愿意输入"v" 。这时，其域名是 v 。
大体上，这三个字母组成的域名后缀即是一个最高等级的域名总称并描述组织的类型。在最近几年中，这些组织类型之间的界限已趋模糊。
com- 商业性站点
edu- 教育性站点
org- 非营利性组织站点
mil - 军事性站点
net - 网络服务供应商
gov - 政府
一个域名总是由二个或更多的小圆点隔开，典型的域名则往往包含该组织名称的某种形式和三个字母的后缀。譬如， IBM的域名是" ibm"; 联合国的是 " un.org"。
  如果一个域名是未被占用, 而且假设它与一个现有的商标不相冲突, 任何人都能以35美元一年到网络解决方案集团去注册一个域名，该公司获授权可以分配com，net和org 的域名。你可以通过在地址栏中输入域名，看看其是否已被占用。如果你发现想申请的域名已被别人占用，不用惊讶。毕竟，在超过八百万个域名中，85% 是 的域名。
  ICANN，因特网域名与地址管理委员会，负责管理域名系统。在本文的写作过程中,有计划提出增加更多的最高等级域名, 比如.web和.store。任何人都在猜测这何时会成为现实。检测或注册一个域名,输入到搜索栏搜寻就可以了。 它应当以这种形式出现: myname。除了最高等级的域名总称，还专门为各个国家和地区设立了244个国家级的最高域名, 例如:
au- 澳大利亚
ca- 加拿大
fr- 法国
de- 德国
uk- 英国
    你也可以使用网络名来登记一个国际域名，每个域名275美金。但要注意有些国家对注册域名有一定限制。 如果你打算注册一个你自己的域名, 不论是否是com, 要记住以下的提示: 域名愈短愈好。(但它应该能反映出你的姓氏，兴趣或从事的行业)。这个名字应当简单易记。而且应当易于输入并不易出错。要记住, 因特网是全球的。理想的状况是一个域名可以用除英语之外的另一种语言“读出来”。

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