冠词和代词
冠词
不定冠词
表示“一个、每个”或泛指某人/物，也可表示类别
表示单位数量及职业身份
与某些有具体意义的抽象名词连用，使其变为具体概念
用在序数词前，表示“又一、再一”
用在风雨或某些专有名词前表示某个叫（象）…的人/一张（个/种）的画/曲子/神态
在习惯用法中
定冠词
特指；用在独一无二的事物名词前；再次提到某人/物时
在整个民族、阶级、阶层、家族前
用在具有限定性定语修饰的名词前
在专有名词前（国家、党派、集团、场所、山脉、河流、地区、城市、沙漠、报刊杂志、方位等）
在名词化的形容词和动名词前
当一个专有名词有限定性定语修饰时，加定冠词/不定冠词
乐器名称前
当谓语动词表示接触到人/动物的身体的某一部分时，表示该部分的名词前家定冠词
在习惯用法中
零位冠词
专有名词前；非特指的物质名词/抽象名词前；非特指的学科、语言、餐名前；球类、棋类运
动前
有指示代词修饰时
在习惯用法中
用与不用冠词意义不同和冠词位置
物质名词加冠词变为个体名词
词组中有无冠词意义不同
形容词最高级前不用冠词，意为“十分”
感叹句中冠词在what之后
Such/so, too, as, how, however
在both, all, half, twice, double, x times之后
Many a/an后接单数名词，表示许多
代词
人称、物主、反身代词
人称
数
与
性
格
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
单数
复数
单数
复数
单数
复数
阳性
阴性
中性
主格
I
we
you
you
he
she
it
they
宾格
me
us
you
you
him
her
it
they
1. 人称代词的句法作用：  主语、宾语、表语
She likes to read a thriller.
We boys never wanted to be cowards.
Her father is very fond of her.
They picked him and her to represent the school in the Musical Festival.
Oh, it’s you.
I took him to be her.
人称代词的指代：
由and连接的单数名词用复数
Their food and clothes are better than they used to be.
由or/nor连接时，代词与后的名册/代词在性和数上一致
Neither the boy nor his sister got what she wanted.
Either Xiao Ming or his brothers study harder than they did before.
指代由every/each修饰的由and连接的单数名词时，用单数代词
Each student and teacher got the reference book he wanted to borrow.
          词义
类型
我的
你的
他（她、它）的
我们的
你们的
他们的
形容词性物主代词
my
your
his, her, its
our
your
their
名词性物主代词
mine
your
his, hers, its
ours
yours
their
 
   
形容词性物主代词的句法作用: 定语、动名词复合结构中作逻辑主语
Her pronunciations is excellent.
A person should wash his hands before he eats.
There is no use in my learning it.
Do you still remember his coming to the evening party?
名词性物主代词的句法作用: 主语、宾语、表语
Ours is a great socialist country.
I left my dictionary at home. May I use yours?
This desk is neither yours nor mine.
                  数
人称
单数
复数
第一人称
myself
ourselves
第二人称
yourself
yourselves
第三人称
herself, itself
themselves
1. 反身代词的句法作用: 宾语、表语、同位语
You can see yourself in the mirror.
He is not quite himself today.
I myself repair the machine.
指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词
单数
复数
this
these
that
those
such (the) same
指示代词的句法作用: 主语、宾语、表语、定语
This may be considered as the result of corrosion.
He is not a guest and must not be treated as such.
schedule形容词
The case with him is always the same.
This generator supplies power for electric motors.
that指上文讲的事，this指下文讲的事
I had a bad cold. That is why I didn’t attend the meeting.
This is what he said : “How could he do such a foolish thing?”
    格
数
宾格
所有格
备注
单数
复数
each other
one another
each other’s
one another’s
一般说来，指两个人/物，
指两个以上的人/物
相互代词的句法作用: 宾语、定语
They’ll hurt each other if we don’t stop them fighting.
They often ask about each other’s studies.
      格
指人/物
主格
宾格
所有格
指人
who
whom
whose
指物
what
--
指人/物
which
--
疑问代词的句法作用: 主语、宾语、表语、定语
Who made the world’s first compass?
What are you doing now?
I don’t know what his view is.
Which class are you in?
不定代词
类别
词义
复合形式
some
any
一些、某些
一些、任何
something, somebody, someone
anything, anybody, anyone
many, much
许多
few, little
a few, a little
很少，没有几个
几个（有点）
both
all
两者都
全体都
each
every
各，每一个
每一个，所有的
everything
everybody, everyone
one
某个
other
another
别的，其他的
另一个
either
neither
两者之一
两者都不
none
no
没有人/物
没有，无
nothing, nobody
no one
Geology is the science of the earth ____ whole.
A) a        B) as a        C) is a          D) it is a
Do you think Janet enjoys ______.
A) to play piano  B) playing the piano
C) to play the piano    D) playing with the piano
Yesterday I borrowed ____ book from the library. ___ book is about science.
A) the/the/the      B) that/a/the      C) a/the/x        D) a/the/the
___ lion is a dangerous animal.
A) an        B) these      C) some        D) a
___ lion is the king of beasts.
A) some      B) any    C) an      D) the
___ earth makes one revolution round ___ sun in about 166 days
A) the/a      B) an/a        C) the/the          D) x/x
___ good and ____ beautiful do not always go together.
A) the/the        B) a/a/      C) the/x      D) x/x
It was ___ story that we nearly fell asleep.
A) such long      B) a long such      C) a so long      D) so long a
He devoted his whole life to ____ building of socialism.
A) the      B) x      C) a          D) a lot
She was asked ___ to sing a song.
A) second time    B) time second      C) second a time    D) a second time
___ nearer the planet is , ___ bigger it looks;.
A) the/the    B) x/the        C) the/x      D) x/x

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