语言学教程（第四版）测试题
Quiz 1 Lexicon
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:
1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. T
2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. F
3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the
study of morphology. T
4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes. T
5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes. T
6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as
number, tense, degree, and case. T
7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound
root or a free morpheme. F
8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it. F
9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word.
Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words. F
10. Loanwords are: both form and meaning are borrowed. T
II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:
11. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a grammatical meaning.
13. Bound morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other
morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.
15. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create words.
16. A suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case
change its part of speech.
17. Compounding is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.
18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called
morphological rules.
19. In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to
form new words.
20. A stem can be a bound root or a free morpheme to which an inflectional affix can be added.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) _____.
A. bound morpheme
B. bound form
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free morpheme
22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning
of a compound _____.
A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes
C. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase
D. None of the above
23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of _____.
A. the first element
B. the second element
C. either the first or the second element
D. both the first and the second elements
unequal24. _____ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes,
either free or bound, to form a word.
A. Free morphemes
B. Bound morphemes
C. Bound words
D. Words
25. _____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which
words are formed.
A. Syntax
B. Grammar
C. Morphology
D. Morpheme
26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _____.
A. lexical
B. morphemic
C. grammatical
D. semantic
27. Bound morphemes are those that _____.
A. have to be used independently
B. cannot be combined with other morphemes
C. can either be free or bound
D. have to be combined with other morphemes
28. _____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original
word.
A. Prefixes
B. Suffixes
C. Roots
D. Affixes
29. _____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.
A. Words
B. Morphemes
C. Phonemes
D. Sentences
30. “-s” in the word “books” is _____.
A. a derivative affix
B. a stem
C. an inflectional affix
D. a root
IV. Define the following terms:
31. morphology: Morphology is a branch of linguistics which studies the internal structure of words
and the rules by which words are formed.
32. morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
33. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but
have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
34. root: A root is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without destroying its
meaning.
35. stem: a stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be
added, like Friend- in friends, and friendship- in friendships.
V. Answer the following question:
36. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.
In terms of their capacity of occurring alone, morphemes can be categorized into 2 types: free morphemes and bound morphemes.
Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.
Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”.Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be d ivided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such
as “-less” in the word “friendless”.
Poly-morphemic words other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes.
A root is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without destroying its meaning. Inter-nation-al-ism
An affix is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). Affix is naturally bound. Affixes are generally classified into three subtypes, prefix, suffix, and infix.
Prefix: para-, mini- un-
Suffix: -ise, -tion
Infix: abso-bloomingly-lutely
A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.
Friend- in friends, and friendship- in friendships
Quiz 2 Syntax
I. Choose the best answer.
1. Relation of co-occurrence is _____.
A. only syntagmatic
B. only paradigmatic
C. complex
D. both syntagmatic and paradigmatic
2. The syntactic rules of any language are _____ in number.
A. large
B. small
C. finite
D. infinite
3. The _____ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.
A. lexical
B. morphological
C. linguistic
D. syntactic
4. A sentence is considered _____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge.
A. right
B. wrong
C. grammatical
D. ungrammatical
5. Several constituents together form a _____.
A. coordinator
B. particle
C. preposition
D. construction
6. Phrasal constituent can be embedded within another constituent having the same category.
Theoretically, there is no limit to the number of embedding of one clause into another clause. This is the _____ properties of sentences.
A. recursive
B. grammatical
C. social
D. functional
7. Syntax allows us to better understand _____.
A. how words and phrases form sentences
B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words
C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences
D. all of the above
8. The head of the phrase “the handsome boy” is _____.
A. handsome
B. boy
C. the
D. the handsome boy
9. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to _____ construction.
A. endocentric
B. exocentric
C. subordinate
D. coordinate
10. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a _____
sentence.
A. simple
B. coordinate
C. compound
D. subordinate
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.
11. The phrase of swimming in the lake is headed,the head is swimming. T
12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of
sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend. T
13. In a compound sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other. T
14. Tag question always contains a pronoun which refers back to the subject, and never to any other
element in the sentence. T
15. Predicate is the major constituent of sentence structure in a binary analysis in which all obligatory
constituent other than the subject. T
16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed,
namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. F
17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb. T
18. The disadvantage of IC Analysis is that it cannot reveal some ambiguities effectively. F
19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional. T
20. Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more
of its constituents, i.e. a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable CENTRE or HEAD.
T
III. Fill in the blanks.
21. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands
alone as its own sentence.
22. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a
complete statement, question or command.
23. A subject may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.
24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something
about the subject is grammatically called predicate.
25. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.
26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an embedded
clause.
27. A class item can perform several functions, and a function can be fulfilled by several classes.
28. Phrase is a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the
subject-predicate structure typical of clauses.
29. A constituent with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a larger sentence, is a clause.
30. A sentence is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples.
31. syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a
language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.
32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a
sentence in terms of its immediate constituents – word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents (theoretically, morpheme; practically, word) are reached.
33. cohesion: Cohesion is a concept to do with discourse or text rather than with syntax. It refers to
relations of meaning that exist within the text, and defines it as a text.
34. category: Narrowly, the classes and functions, e.g. n., v.; subject, predicate; NP, VP, etc.
More specifically, the defining properties of these general units:
n.: gender, number, case and countability, etc.
v.: tense, aspect and voice, etc.
V. Answer the following questions.
35. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?
An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.
36. Distingu ish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis.
(1) more beautiful flowers
(2) more beautiful flowers
VI. Analyze the following situation.
37. Put brackets around the immediate constituents in the following sentence.
The lonely boy in the bedroom was crying silently.
((The) (((lonely) (boy)) ((in) ((the) (bedroom))))) ((was) ((crying) (silently))).
Quiz 3 Semantics
I. Choose the best answer.
1. The 7 types of meaning are proposed by _____.
A. Plato
B. Bloomfield
C. Geoffrey Leech
D. Firth
2. _____ meaning is also called cognitive meaning.
A. Conceptual
B. Connotative
C. Stylistic
D. Reflected
3. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Referential Theory is the theory of meaning, which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it
refers to.
B. Sense refers to the properties an entity has.
C. Reference refers to the concrete entity having the properties.
D. Every word has a sense, and every word has a reference
4. “Can I borrow your bike?” _____ “You have a bike.”
A. is synonymous with
B. is inconsistent with
C. entails
D. presupposes
5. _____ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called
semantic features.
A. Predication analysis
B. Componential analysis
C. Phonemic analysis
D. Grammatical analysis
6. “Alive” and “dead” are _____.
A. gradable antonyms
B. relational antonyms
C. complementary antonyms
D. None of the above
7. _____ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the world of experience.
A. Reference
B. Concept
C. Semantics
D. Sense
8. Words that are opposite in meaning are _____.
A. antonymy
B. Synonymy
C. Homonymy
D. Hyponymy
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