动名词的用法
1．动名词是动词的一种非谓语形式，由动词+ ing构成，否定形式为not doing，具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
1）作主语
动名词是由动词变化而来，所以，动名词的意义往往是表示某个动作或某件事情。例如：Walking is good exercise. Seeing is believing.
Smoking may cause cancer.。Coming to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours.
和"There is …＂两种动名词作主语时，对于一些比较长的动名词短语，一般采用"It is …＂
句式来表示。例如：
It takes me ten minutes to get home from my office.
It needs time to make three copies of it.  It's nice talking with you.  。
It was very difficult getting everything ready in time.
It is no use waiting for him any longer. It is no good learning without practice.
There is no joking about such matters. There is no harm in doing so.
2）作定语
动名词作定语的情况并不是很普遍，一般只限于单个的动名词作定语，表示“用于……的”或表示“处于某件事情中的……”含义。例如：
swimming pool 游泳池reading material 阅读材料
walking stick 手杖floating needle 浮针
opening speech 开幕词listening aid 助听器
waiting room 候车室running water 自来水
developing countries 发展中国家working people 劳动人民
sleeping child 熟睡孩子
3）作表语
动名词作表语的时候，特别要注意：不要与正在进行时混淆。动名词作表语，表达的是
“某件事”等。例如：
His part-time job is promoting new products for the company. （动名词）
他的业余工作是为那家公司推销新产品。
Reading is for sure learning, but applying is also learning to a greater extent.（动名词）
读书当然是学习，然而运用在很大程度上更是学习。
Their task is exploring oil mines in the west. （动名词）
他们的任务是在西部探查油矿。
动名词作表语，容易与现在分词作表语相混淆。记住：动名词表语表达的是“某件事”（与不定式短语的意义相近)，而现在分词表语表示“具有某个作用”。例如：
The situation is very much encouraging.（现在分词）
形势非常令人鼓舞。
His present job is not that stimulating as he expected. （现在分词）
他现在的工作并不是那么有刺激性。
Their plan is to build another dormitory for their staff this year. （不定式）
他们的计划是今年再为员工们建一栋宿舍楼。
His wish is to become a pilot. （不定式）
他的愿望是当飞行员。
4）作宾语。如：
He is fond of playing football.
I like swimming.
①admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，face，feel，like，finish，forgive，give up，imagine，include，keep，mention，mind，miss，practise，put off，resist，risk，suggest，can’t help（情不自禁），can’t stand（无法忍受）等动词成词组后
可以用动名词作宾语，但不能用不定式。
②forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等动词或词组可带动名词或不定式
作宾语，但意义上有区别。
（让我们继续学第六课。说明前面已学了一部分。）Let’s go on studying Lesson 6.
Let’s go on to study Lesson 6. （让我们接着学第六课。说明前面已学了第五课。）
I remember doing the exercise. （我记得做过练习。）
I must remember to do it. （我必须记着做这事。）
I tried not to go there. （我设法不去那里。）
I tried doing it again. （我试着又干了一次。）
Stop speaking. （不要讲话。）
He stopped to talk. （他停下来讲话。）
I mean to come early today. （我打算今天早些来。）
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
（误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。）
③在allow，advise，forbid，permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词
或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：
We don’t allow smoking here.
We don’t allow students to smoke.
④动词need，require，want作“需要”解，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被
动形式作宾语表示事情需要做，这时，动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth后必须用动
名词的主动形式来表示被动意义。如：
The window needs/requires/wants cleaning/to be cleaned.
Her method is worth trying.
⑤在短语devote to，look forward to，stick to，to be used to，object to，thank you for，excuse me for，be(kept) busy，have difficulty/trouble/problem(in)，have a good/wonderful/hard time(in)，，feel/seem like/get down to等后的动词也必须用动名词形式，例如：there’s no use/good/need
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
⑥在love，hate，prefer，like等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别。有时用动名词作宾
语时，指一般情况，而跟不定式作宾语时指某一具体行为。
⑦start，begin，continue在书面语中多后接动名词，在口语中多后接不定式。
但start和begin在下列情况下一般跟不定式作宾语：当主语是物而不是人时；当start或begin以-ing形式出现时，当后面作宾语的动词表示感情、思想或意念时。如：It started to snow. He is beginning to cook dinner. I began to understand what he meant.
⑧在should(would) like/love等后须用不定式。
5）动名词作状语
动名词作状语表示在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作，它对谓语动词起修
饰和陪衬的作用。动名词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方
式或伴随情况。
Having cleaned the rooms we began to weed the garden. (时间)
Coming into the room, she saw everybody already at their work. (时间)
Being ill, he couldn't go to school. (原因)
Having no interest in the topic, he didn't go to the lecture. (原因)
Working diligently, you will certainly succeed. (条件)
Using atomic energy, we can build spaceships. (条件)
让步) Granting the achievements to be great, there is still something to be desired. ( My car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (结果)
Traveling by train, we visited a number of cities. (方式)
Mary sat by the window of the classroom, reading a book. (伴随)
6）动名词作定语
动名词作定语时和形容词的功能是相似的。动名词可以单独作定语，如：
a smiling face 笑脸  a leading figure 领导人物
动名词还能构成合成词作定语，如：
easy-going man 好说话的人swimming pool 游泳池
sleeping-pill 片dining-car 餐车
当分词短语做后置定语时，可以转换成定语从句。
She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai.
= She went on board the train, which was leaving for Shanghai.
There are two roads before us, one leading to the beach, the other to the park.
= There are two roads before us, one which leads to the beach, the other to the park. 2，练习题
Ⅱ、填入动词的适当形式：
1. Can you imagine yourself _______ in a lonely island? (stay)
2. I can't understand your _______ at that poor child. (laugh)
programme用法3. She didn't mind _______ overtime. (work)
4. To make a living, he tried _______, _______, and various other things, but he had failed in all. (write; paint)
5. We are looking forward to Mary's _______. (come)
6. She was praised for _______ the life of the child. (save)
7. She ought to be praised instead of _______. (criticize).
8. Is there any possibility of our _______ the championship? (win)
9. He came to the party without _______. (invite)
Ⅰ.用所给动词的适当形式填空：
1.We have planned ___________(make) a school radio programme.
2.Do you know when_________ (start) the party?
3.I find it very interesting ___________(talk) with foreigners.
4.She’s thinking about __________(make)a phone call to her parents.
5.What bad weather ! I hate ____________(go ) out on cloudy days.
6.Do you really enjoy _________(play) the violin every day.
7.My parents asked me _________(do) my homework on time.
8.I’m really sorry . I forgot __________(close) the door before I left.
9.I didn’ｔw ant my parents ___________(worry) about me , but I’m afraid
_________(stay)at home alone.
10.I hate to hear people __________(talk) loudly in public.
11.Betty , we need __________(make) a plan.
12.Please remember ______________(post) the letter for the old man.
13.Stop ___________(chat), everyone. Our English teacher is coming.
14.He hates__________(cook) m eals . He enjoys ___________(have)lunch in the
restaurant.
15.It started__________(rain) when we were walking in the street last Sunday.
现在分词用法
一、现在分词的形式
1.现在分词的一般式由“动词+ing”构成，其被动式为“being+动词过去分词”。
例如：The students standing there are from Class Three. 站在那里的学生来自三班。
The English novel being translated by the editor now will be completed in October.
2. 现在分词的完成式由“having +动词过去分词”构成，其被动式为“having +been+动词过去分词”。
例如：Having finished all the work, they had a good rest. 结束了所有的工作后，他们好好地休息了一下。
Having been laughed at his looks during the childhood, the boy is still very sensitive about his appearance so far.
3.现在分词的否定式为“not +动词-ing”，被动式的否定式为“not+being+动词过去分词”，其完成式的否定式为“not + having +动词过去分词”。
例如：Not reading carefully, he wouldn’t find many things he had not known before.
Not being noticed by the public, the young writer felt a little pity. 没被公众所关注，年轻的作家感到有点遗憾。
Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. 没有回应，因此他决定再写一封信。
二、现在分词的用法
1. 作定语现在分词作定语，具有形容词的性质。一般说来，单个的现在
分词一般可以前置作定语，修饰名词；如果现在分词构成分词短语则后置作定
语。

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