法律英语的历史发展
发布人：圣才学习网  发布日期：2010-06-05 15:47  共 15人浏览[大] [中] [小]
  Modern legal English is based on standard English. However， it contains a number of unusual features. These largely relate to terminology， linguistic structure， linguistic conventions， and punctuation， and have their roots in the history of the development of English as a legal language. 现代法律英语是基于标准英语。然而,它包含了许多不寻常的特点。这些大部分与术语中,语言结构、语言公约,标点符号,并扎根于开发历史英语作为法律语言。
  Following the Norman invasion of England in 1066， Anglo-Norman French became the official language of legal proceedings in England for a period of nearly 300 years. Consequently， many words in common use in modern legal English are derived from what evolved into Law French. These include property， estate， chattel， lease， executor， and tenant. The use of Law French during this period has an enduring influence on the general linguistic register of modern legal English. It also accounts for some of the complex li
nguistic structures employed in legal writing. 证明诺曼人于1066年入侵英国的,Anglo-Norman法国人成为官方语言的法律诉讼程序在英国呆了一段时间的近300年的历史了。因此,许多的话中常用现代法律英语是来自什么进化成为法律法语。这些包括财产、房地产、动产、租赁、执行长,与租客。使用法律法国在此期间有深远的影响普通语言学的注册的现代法律英语。这也说明的一些复杂的语言结构应用于法律写作水平。
  During the period mentioned above， Latin remained the language of formal records and statutes. However， since only the learned were fluent in Latin， it never became the language of legal pleading or debate. The influence of Latin can be seen in a number of words and phrases such as ad hoc， de facto， bona fide， inter alia， and ultra vires ， which remain in current use in legal writing. 上述的期间,拉丁仍然是语言的正式记录和律例。然而,因为只有学拉丁文,它是流利的语言从未成为法律恳求或争论。拉丁语的影响中可以看到大量的单词和短语如特设,实际上,善意,采信,并且极端权限范围内,直存在当前的使用在法律写作水平。
  In 1356， the Statute of Pleading was enacted， which stated that all legal proceedings should be conducted in English （but recorded in Latin）.
  Also， the system of law inherited by the English-speaking nations， the common law， is based on tradition， and， for the most part of its history， was never written down， and still， to some extent， remains uncodified. Another consideration is that the fundamental law of the two major powers of the English speaking world， the United Kingdom and the United States， was established long before the fundamental laws of most civil law nations， and therefore， many documents of present legal importance were written in archaic English. Further， legal English is useful for its dramatic effect， to scare those non-lawyers uninitiated into legal circles: for example， a subpoena compelling a witness to appear in court often ends with the archaic threat "Fail not， at your peril"--what the "peril" is isn't described （being arrested and held in contempt of court） but the formality of the language tends to better put a chill down the spine of the recipient of the subpoena than a simple statement like "We can arrest you if you don't show up." 在1356答辩,条例颁布时,原来的规定所有法律诉讼应以英文(但记录在拉丁文)。
  同时,法律保障体系继承以英语为母语的国家,习惯法,是基于传统,,大部份的历史,从来没有写下来,但是,仍然在某种程度上,仍然uncodified。另一个要考虑的是两个主要的基本规律英语世
界的力量,英国和美国很久以前成立,大多数的基本定律民法国家,因此,许多文件重要性现行法律都写在古老的英语。此外,法律英语有助于其戏剧性的效果,为了吓唬那些〔为法律没有圈:例如,archaic一个传票引人注目的证人出庭经常的结尾,古老的威胁”失败不,在你的危机——什么“危机是不是描述(被捕并被关押在蔑视法庭),但是那些古板的语言好转了使野餐的最佳导演奖的脊柱运动的传票比一个简单的说:“我们可以逮捕你如果你再不来。”
  David Crystal （2004） explains a stylistic influence upon English legal language. During the Medieval period lawyers used a mixture of Latin， French and English. To avoid ambiguity lawyers often offered pairs of words from different languages. Sometimes there was little ambiguity to resolve and the pairs merely gave greater emphasis， becoming a stylistic habit. This is a feature of legal style that continues to the present day. Examples of mixed language doublets are: "breaking and entering" （English/French）， "fit and proper" （English/French）， "lands and tenements" （English/French）， "will and testament" （English/Latin）. Examples of English only doublets are: "let and hindrance"， "have and hold." 大卫晶体(2004)解释引起了影响对英国法律语言。在中世纪时期拉丁语参看了一堆律师、法语和英语。以避免含混不清律师经常提供组单词从不同的语言。有时没有
什么不明确的解决和双人只给重点,成为一个文体的习惯。这是一个法律风格的特点一直延续到今天。doublets混和语言的例子:“侵入民宅”(英语/法语),"合适的和适当的”(英语/法语),“土地和住宅”(英语/法语),“遗嘱”(英语/拉丁文)。doublets只能说英语的例子是:“让、制约因素”、“有成立。”

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