常见英语缩略式(Contraction)
缩略式(Contraction)和缩写(Abbreviation)是两个不同的概念。Abbreviation是指单词或片语缩短后的形式，主要用于在书面语中替代完整形式，如用 Mass. 替代 Massachusetts（马萨诸塞州）， 用 USA 替代 United States of Ameirica（美利坚合众国）, 用 RMB 替代 Renminbi（人民币）等。Contraction又称缩约词或收缩词，是指通过省略或结合一个较长短语中的某些音素而形成的词，如从 of the clock 收缩而来的 o'clock，从I am收缩而来的I’m等，在书写时，需要用’(apostrophe)来代替省略掉的部分。
使用中必须要注意缩略式的使用场合，缩略式的最大问题是被用于不该用的地方。一般来说，缩略式在小说体重是完全正常的，特别是在对话中，作者想要传达一种听上去像实际口头语言的信息。然而，在正式的非小说体写作中，缩略式几乎是不被接受的。也就是说，在更加正式的写作中，最好避免使用缩略式。
A List of Standard Contractions in English
aren't
are not
there's
there is; there has
can't
can not
they'd
they had; they would
couldn't
could not
they'll
they will; they shall
didn't
did not
they're
they are
doesn't
does not
they've
they have
don't
do not
wasn’t
was not
hadn't
had not
we'd
we had; we would
hasn't
has not
we’ll
we will
haven't
have not
we're
we are
he'd
he had; he would
we've
we have
he'll
he will; he shall
weren't
were not
he's
he is; he has
what'll
what will; what shall
I'd
I had; I would
what're
what are
I'll
I will; I shall
what's
what is; what has; what does
I'm
I am
what've
what have
I've
I have
where's
where is; where has
isn't
is not
who'd
who had; who would
it's
it is; it has
who'll
who will; who shall
let's
let us
who're
who are
mightn't
might not
who's
who is; who has
mustn't
must not
who've
who have
shan't
shall not
won't
will not
she'd
she had; she would
wouldn't   
would not
she'll
she will; she shall
you'd
you had; you would
she's
she is; she has
you'll
you will; you shall
shouldn't
should not
you're
you are
that's
that is; that has
you've
you have
should没有缩写为’d的，were没有缩写为’re的，was没有缩写为’s的。
Full form
Contracted
Notes
not
-n't
Irregular forms: "ain't", "don't", "won't", "shan't".   "n't" can only be attached to an auxiliary verb which is itself not contracted.
let us
let's
I am
I'm
are
-'re
we're /wɪr/ is pronounced differently from were /wɜr/ in some dialects.
is
-'s
does
informal, as in "What's he do there every day"
has
have
-'ve
"What've you gotten in there"
had
-'d
did
informal, as in "Where'd she go"
would
will
-'ll
of
o'-
used mostly in o'clock, where it is mandatory in contemporary use
of
o'
as in "barrel o' monkeys," "Land o' Goshen," "lots o' luck"
it
't-
Archaic, except in stock uses such as 'T was the night before Christmas
them
'em
Perceived as informal, yet old. Actually from hem, which is not the same word as them, a Norse loan.
is not
isn't, or
ain't
ain't is contracted from am not and more recently is not; it is generally considered a colloquial contraction.
Contraction
Meaning
ain't
am not / are not / is not / has not / have not
aren't
are not / am not
can't
cannot
could've
could have
couldn't
could not
couldn't've
could not have
didn't
did not
doesn't
does not
don't
do not
hadn't
had not
hadn't've
had not have
hasn't
has not
haven't
have not
he'd
he had / he would
he'd've
he would have
he'll
he shall / he will
he's
he has / he is
how'd
how did / how would
how'll
how will
archaic
how's
how has / how is / how does
I'd
I had / I would
I'd've
I would have
I'll
I shall / I will
I'm
I am
I've
I have
isn't
is not
it'd
it had / it would
it'd've
it would have
it'll
it shall / it will
it's
it has / it is
let's
let us
ma'am
madam
mightn't
might not
mightn't've
might not have
might've
might have
mustn't
must not
must've
must have
needn't
need not
not've
not have
o'clock
of the clock
shan't
shall not
she'd
she had / she would
she'd've
she would have
she'll
she shall / she will
she's
she has / she is
should've
should have
shouldn't
should not
shouldn't've
should not have
that's
that has / that is
there'd
there had / there would
there'd've
there would have
there're
there are
there's
there has / there is
they'd
they had / they would
they'd've
they would have
they'll
they shall / they will
they're
they are
they've
they have
wasn't
was not

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