vertical怎么读入舵市安恙阳光实验学校高考英语一轮复习全方位配套训练人教版必修一Unit 4 Earthquakes阅读理解1
第Ⅰ组
A
Everyone has heard of the San Andreas fault （断层），which constantly threatens California and the West Coast with earthquakes.But how many people know about the equally serious New Madrid fault in Missouri?
Between December of 1811 and February of 1812，three major earthquakes occurred，all centered around the town of New Madrid，Missouri，on the Mississippi River.Property damage was severe.Buildings in the area were almost destroyed.Whole forests fell at once，and huge cracks opened in the ground，releasing some strong smell chemicals.
The Mississippi River itself completely changed character，developing sudden rapids and whirlpools（激流和漩涡）.Several times it changed its course，and once，according to som
e observers，it actually appeared to run backwards.Few people were killed in the New Madrid earthquakes，probably simply because few people lived in the area in 1811；but the severity of the earthquakes was shown by the fact that the shock waves rang bells in church towers in Charleston，South Carolina，on the coast.Buildings shook in New York City，and clocks were stopped in Washington，D.C.
Scientists now know that America’s two major faults are essentially different.The San Andreas is a horizontal （水平的） boundary between two major land masses that are slowly moving in opposite directions.California earthquakes result when the two masses make a sudden move.
The New Madrid fault，on the other hand，is a vertical fault；at some point，possibly hundreds of millions of years ago，rock was pushed up toward the surface，probably by volcanoes under the surface.Suddenly，the volcanoes cooled and the rock collapsed，leaving huge cracks.Even now，the rock continues to settle downwards，and sudden sinking motions cause earthquakes in the region.The fault itself，a large crack in this layer
of rock，with dozens of other cracks that split off from it，extends from northeast Arkansas through Missouri and into southern Illinois.
Scientists who have studied the New Madrid fault say there have been numerous smaller quakes in the area since 1811；these smaller quakes indicate that larger ones are probably coming，but the scientists say they have no method of predicting when a large earthquake will occur.
1.This passage is mainly about        .
A.the New Madrid fault    B.the San Andreas
C.the causes of faults    D.current scientific knowledge about faults
2.Which of the following pictures best describes the type of the New Madrid fault?
3.This passage implies that        .
A.horizontal faults are more dangerous than vertical faults
B.vertical faults are more dangerous than horizontal faults
C.a lot of people would die if the 1811 New Madrid earthquakes happened today
D.the volcanoes that caused the New Madrid fault are still alive
【语篇解读】本文通过历史回顾和科学分析，提醒人们多关注New Madrid地区频繁的地震。
1.A  主旨大意题。由本文第一段的最后一句话“But how many people know about the equally serious New Madrid fault in Missouri？”可知。
2.B  细节理解题。由本文第四段和第五段内容可以判断The San Andreas fault是水平地震，而The New Madrid fault是垂直地震，所以B项正确。
3.C  推理判断题。本文无A、B两项相关内容；根据第五段中第二句“Suddenly，the volcanoes cooled and the rock collapsed，leaving huge cracks.Even now，the rock continues to ”可以排除D项；根据第三段第三句“Few people were killed in the New Madrid earthquakes，probably simply because few people lived in the area ”可以推测答案为C。
B
A powerful earthquake struck the northeastern coast of Japan at 2：local time on March 11th，2011.Japan’s Meteorological Agency released its first tsunami warnings just three minutes later.The country has one of the best earthquake early warning systems in the world.
There are over 4，000 Seismic Intensity Meters （地震烈度测量仪） in place throughout Japan to measure earthquake activity.These meters provide information within two minutes of an earthquake happening.Information about the strength and the center of the earthquake can be learned within three minutes.There are also concrete sea walls around much of the Japanese coastline.But these measures proved no match for the powerful earthquake and tsunami.
Castas Synolakis is a tsunami expert in Los Angeles.He says，“Japan is one of those most well-prepared countries on earth in terms of tsunami warning.They had a warning.I think what went wrong is that they had not anticipated the size of this event.”
He says there are two reasons for this.Japan has not had any event anywhere near as big as this one in the last 150 years.And scientists had not expected such a large earthquake happening off the coast of Japan.
The 9.0-magnitude earthquake was the 4th most powerful earthquake ever recorded worldwide.It was also the worst earthquake ever to hit Japan.The tsunami waves that followed were reported to have reached as high as 13 meters in some areas.
Costas Synolakis says Japan’s concrete sea walls were not built to handle such high waves.A tsunami wave can travel as fast as 800 kilometers per hour.To get to higher ground people would often have to travel for many kilometers.This can take more time than a fast traveling tsunami will permit.This is especially true in cases like Japan，where the center of the earthquake struck so close to the coastline.The tsunami waves followed almost immediately.

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