名词用法归纳 March 16, 2008
一. 名词的分类:名词分为专有名词和普通名词。
专有名词: 人名, 地名, 机构等名称。如:Tom,Shanghai , Beijing University
普通名词: 某类人或东西中的个体。如:boy, dog, country
集体名词: 若干个体组成的集合体。如:family, team, police
物质名词: 无法分为个体的实物。如:air, water, food
抽象名词: 动作, 状态, 感情等抽象概念。如:progress, health, fun
(注意:普通名词和集体名词可数。物质名词和抽象名词不可数。)
二. 名词的数:可数名词都有单数和复数之分。
1.规则的可数名词的复数变化规则
1) 一般情况加 s 。如:books, mouths, houses
2) 以 s , sh , ch , x结尾的加 es。如:classes , boxes, matches (但stomachs)
3) 辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 ies。如:cities, countries, parties
4) 以 o 结尾的词多数 + es。如:heroes, tomatoes, potatoes, zeroes / zeros
以 o 结尾并且词尾有两个元音字母 +s。如:radios, zoos, bamboos
(但pianos , kilos,photos)
5) 以f, fe 结尾的多数 + es。如:leaves , lives ,wolves
The thief’s wife killed three wolves with some leaves and knives in half of her life.
但:也有一些 + s。 如:roofs , proofs, gulfs, beliefs
(handkerchiefs / handkerchieves)
6)特殊变化的名词。
foot--- feet tooth--- teeth
goose---geese ox---oxen
child--- children mouse---mice
man / woman--- men / women
2. 名词词尾的读音规则
1) 在[ p] [t] [k] [f]等清辅音后读[s]。如:cups, cakes,roofs
2) 在[s] [z] [∫] [t∫]等音后读[iz]。如:glasses, faces, roses
3) 在其他情况下读作[z]。如:beds, days, knives
4) 以th结尾的词原来读清辅音, 加词尾后多数读浊辅音。
如: mouth—mouths, path—paths
但也有不变化的,如: month—months, ninth—ninths, youth—youths
(但houses)
3. 不规则的可数名词的变化规则
1) man—men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, child—children, mouse—mice, goose---geese, ox---oxen
2) 单复数相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese, works,
fish等。如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是fishes。如:
There are many kinds of fishes in that lake.
3) 以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时, 两个词都变化。
man servant — men servants. (但boy / girl students)
woman doctor — women doctors.
4.复合名词的复数形式
son-in-law — sons-in-law , looker-on — lookers-on 主体名词变化。
film-goer — film-goers, grown-up — grown-ups 没有主体名词,词尾加复数。
5.字母,阿拉伯数字的复数形式一般加 ’s 或 s
There are two l’s in the word “ all ”.
Your 7’s and 9’s look alike.
It happened in the 1960’s /1960s.
I will not accept your if’s and but’s.
6. 物质名词一般没有复数,有时用复数形式表示不同种类。
wheats, foods, fruits, vegetables
有时表示比原文更广的词义:
wood—woods, water—waters, sand—sands, manner—manners
7. 抽象名词一般不可数;但是如果表示某一具体的情况,或各种各样的也有可数名词的用法。
He jumped with joy.
My children are a great joy to me.
8. 定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人。 the Turners, the Smiths, the Wangs
9. 集体名词people, police, cattle 总是作复数。
( people 作民族、种族时, 有单复数两种形式)
Many cattle are kept on the farm.
Several police were on duty.
The Chinese are a brave and hard-working people.
The English are a funny people.
10. 集体名词class, public, family, population, team, crew, committee 等单复数都有,但意义不同。
The class is big.
The class are taking notes in English.
(前者看作整体,后者强调每一个人。)
The population in China is larger.
80% of the population in China are peasants. (同上)
11. hair, fruit 通常作单数,表示总体。
His hair is grey.
They have a rich harvest of fruit almost every year.
如果表示若干根头发,表示种类的水果时,可以加复数词尾。
He had a few white hairs. 他有几根白发。
Are fruits on sale in this season ? 这个季节有水果销售吗?
12. 以s 结尾的学科名词只作单数。
mathematics , physics, politics, 等。
13. glasses, trousers, scissors, shoes, spectacles,等常用复数;但如果这些词前用 a pair of …/ this pair of…/ that pair of…等修饰时谓语动词由pair 来决定。
Where are my glasses ?
My new pair of trousers is too long.
Here are some new pairs of shoes.
14. 不可数名词没有复数形式,常考的不可数名词有:
progress, advice, fun, practice, news, information, knowledge, weather, equipment, furnitur
e, clothing, jewellery, luggage, baggage, food, bread, nature, space…
如果表示“一个”的概念,可用单位词。
如果表示“一个”的概念,可用单位词。
a piece of news / information / advice / bread / cake / paper / meat / coal / equipment / furniture
a bottle of ink, a grain of rice , a cake of soap
抽象名词具体化可加不定冠词,如:a pleasure, a surprise, a help, a success, a failure, a shock, a pity, a shame, a joy, a sorrow, a difficulty, a trouble
15. 名词作定语
1)表示用途:a coffee cup 咖啡杯
a tobacco company 烟草公司
a vegetable garden
2) 表示材料:a stone bridge 石桥
paper money 纸币
a diamond necklace 钻石项链
3)表示时间或地点:winter holiday 寒假
morning paper 晨报
city people 市民
4) 表示类别:a shoe shop, street lights, seat belts, a telephone number, water pollution 水污染,body temperature 体温,weight problem 体温
5)表示身份:weight可不可数a woman doctor,a boy student
注意:名词作定语常用单数: shoe shop,college students,basketball match
但man / woman 随后边名词变化: a woman doctor,two women doctors
a man doctor,two men doctors
6) 有些只用复数做定语
a sports meeting, a goods train
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