主动形式表被动意义
1.表示被动含义的主动动词
1)系动词没有被动形式,但有些系动词常表示被动意义。常见的有taste(吃起来), sound (听起来), prove(证明是), feel(摸上去感到)等,例如:
Your reason sounds reasonable.
你的理由听起来很合理。
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.
良药苦口。
2)一些与can't(不能)或won't(不会)连用的动词。常用的有: lock(锁住), shut(关上) , open(打开), act(上演)等,例如:
The door won't open.这门打不开。
It can't move.它不能动。
3)一些与well(很), easily(容易地), perfectly(十分地)等连用的动词,如: sell(销售) , wash(洗), clean(打扫), burn(燃烧), cook(煮)等,例如:
The book sells well.
这种书很畅销。
These clothes wash well.
这些衣服很耐洗。
4)用在“主语+不及物动词+主语补语”句型中的一些不及物动词,例如:
This material has worn thin.
这料子已磨薄了。
The dust has blownsintosthe house.
灰尘被风吹进了房子。
2.表示被动含义的主动结构
1)动名词
be worth(weight可不可数值得), want (=need)(需要), need(需要), require(需要)后所用的动名词,必须用主动结构表示被动意义,例如:
These young seedlings will require/need looking after (=need to be looked after) carefully.
这些幼苗将需要小心的照管。
Your hair wants/needs cutting (needs to be cut).
你的头发该剪了。
2)不定式
作定语:不定式结构常表示动宾关系,即用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这种情形最常出现在“There+be+主语+修饰主语的不定式”和“及物动词+宾语(或双宾语)+修饰宾语的不定式”结构中,特别是“主语+have+宾语+修饰宾语的不定式”结构中,例如:
He has a family to support.
他要维持一个家庭。
There is a lot of work to do.
有许多工作要干。
当然,这里的不定式在个别情形下也可用被动形式,含义区别不大,例如:
There is so much work to do/to be done.
有这么多事情要做。
在“主语+be+形容词+不定式”句型中,有时主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语,这是应用主动形式
表示被动含义。适合于此结构的形容词比较多,最常用的有amusing(有趣的), cheap(便宜的), dangerous(危险的), difficult(困难的), easy(容易的), important(重要的), nice(令人愉快的), pleasant(愉快的)等,例如:
That question is difficult to answer.
那个问题不容易回答。
Who is to blame for starting the fire?
这场火灾应由谁负责?
The house is to let.此房出租。
A lot remains to do.还剩下许多事情要做。
3)特殊结构
①“be + under +名词”结构:这种结构表示某事“在进行中”。例如:
The building is under construction.
这座楼正在建设中。
The whole matter is under discussion (=is being discussed).
整个事情正在讨论中。
经常这样用的名词还有repair(修理), treatment(), question(质问)等。
②“be worthy of +名词”结构:在这一结构中,名词和句子的主语有被动含义,如:
a man worthy of support一个值得支持的人
nothing worthy of praise没有值得称道的事情
此结构后通常用表示行为的名词,而不用动名词的被动形式。
1.... times+形容词(副词)比较级+
This hall is five times bigger than our classroom.
这个大厅比我们的教室大五倍。(是我们教室的六倍大)
The car runs twice faster than that truck.
这辆轿车的速度比那辆卡车快两倍。(是那辆卡车的三倍快)
2.... times+as+形容词(或much)或副词原级+as...
The big box is four times as heavy as the small one. 大箱子是小箱子的四倍重。
Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亚洲的面积是欧洲的四倍。
Ten is twice as much as five. 十是五的两倍。
The plane flew ten times as high as the kite. 那架飞机飞行高度是那个风筝的十倍。
3.... times+the+名词(size, height, weight, length, width)+of
Your playground is 900 metres wide, three times the size of ours.
你们操场有900米宽, 是我们的三倍。
This street is four times the length of that one. 这条大街是那条街的四倍长。
This big tree is four times the height of that small one.
这棵大树的高度是那棵小树的四倍。(比那棵小树高三倍)
也可译成: The height of the big tree is four times that of that small one.
4.... times+more+名词(可数, 不可数)+
There are four times more books in our library than in yours.
我们图书馆藏书(数量)是你们图书馆的四倍。(多三倍)
We have produced twice more grain this year than we did last year.
我们今年生产的粮食比去年增长一倍。(是去年的两倍)
5.... times +as many(或much)+名词+其它……
There is three times as much water in this pot as in that one.
这个壶里的水(量)是那个壶里的三倍。
There are five times as many students as we expected. 到的人是我们预计的五倍。
& times+over+被比对象表示“增加……倍”。如:
The grain output in that village was twice over that of 1978.
那个村的粮食产量比一九七八年的增加了两倍。
7.... times+that of+被比对象“是……倍”。如:
In this workshop, the output of July was 3. 5 times that of January.
这个车间七月份的产量是元月份的三点五倍。
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