主动形式表被动意义
一、介词形式，被动意义
This new railway is still under construction. 这条新铁路仍在建设中。
本句中的under construction “正在建设中”。介词under构成的短语，如果它的宾语是表示动作的名词，通常含有被动意义，意为“在……过程中”。它可改换为被动语态。但介词结构使句子言简意赅，避免过多地使用被动语态。这种介词短语在句中常作表语，也可作补足语或定语。例如：
Your suggestion is still under discussion. 你的建议正在讨论中。
He is said to be under arrest for stealing. 据说他由于偷窃被捕了。
The house under repair is our classroom building. 正在修建的房屋是我们的教学楼。
常见的这类under短语还有：
under attack在进攻中，under arrest在关押中，under consideration在考虑中，under construction在建设中，under contact在联系中，under discussion在讨论中，under examination在审查中，under investigation在调查中，under repair在修理中，under review在审议中 under treatment在医治中，under trial在受审中
还有一些介词，如in , on , for , above , beyond , past , out of , within等，也可以构成表示动作的介词短语。如：
The writer has finished writing his novel but it is not yet in print. (= …being printed)
作者已经写完了他的小说，但尚未出版。
Grapes from XinJiang are on sale. (=…to be rented) 还有两间房出租。
His virtue is above all praise. (=…can't be praised completely) 他的美德赞颂不尽。
The fellow’s insolence is beyond endurance. (=…can't be endured) 这家伙傲慢无礼，叫人受不了。
His car was out of control. (=…could not be controlled)那部汽车失去了控制。
The pain was almost past bearing. (=…couldn't be borne) 痛得简直受不了。
The city is already within sight. (=…can be seen already) 城市已经望得见了。(在视野之中)
weigh的各种形式二、主动形式被动意义
初学被动语态不少同学常将应该用主动形式的句子错用为被动形式。请看如下句子和两
道高考题：
1. Those programmes are usually easy to receive and not difficult to understand.
2. They were still difficult to read and were very heavy to carry.
3. The sick woman needs ______ (MET88 – 2)
A. Looking after B. to be looking after
C. to look after D. being looked after (A)
4. We think the film is ______ (MET85 – 1 )
A. worth to see B. worthy of seeing
C. worth seeing D. worthy to see I
句1意思为：这些节目通常很容易接收到而且也不难理解。句2意思为：这些书籍读起来还是很费劲，拿起来又很重。在学习句1句2时，学生习惯误译为：1. Those programmes are usually easy to be received and not difficult to be understood. 2. They were still difficult to be read and were very heavy to be carried. 所以总结一下主动形式表被动意义的情况是十分必要的。
(一) 不定式主动形式表被动意义
1. 当不定式用在作表语的形容词后，在句中作状语，而句中的主语又是不定式的逻辑宾语
时，通常用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。如上述句1句2。能带主动语态的不定式而表达被动意义的形容词常见的有：easy、difficult、heavy、hard、nice、bitter、dangerous、light、interesting、important、expensive、fit、comfortable、pleasant、impossible等。其句型为S + link v + adj . + infinitive ( 主动语态 ) ，类似这种貌似主动实为被动的系表结构的又如以下例句。
Habits are easy to make but hard to break. ( Habits是to make、to break的逻辑宾语 ) 。
The water is fit to drink.
The picture is pleasant to look at.
2. 当不定式所修饰的名词或代词是动词的宾语，而句子的主语也是不定式的逻辑主语时。例如：
Mathilde only has a small cold room to live in. ( Mathilde是to live in的逻辑主语 )
He bought some magazines to read. ( He是to read的逻辑主语 )
3. 当不定式所修饰的名词或代词，是及物动词的直接宾语，而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时。例如：
Mother always gives her little daughter some picture books to read. ( Her little daughter是to read的逻辑主语 )
The teacher gave the students some paper to write on. ( The students是to write on的逻辑主语 )
4. 当不定式所修饰的名词或代词，是“there be…. ”结构句中的主语时 ( 此处用主动或被动式，一般说来无意义上的不同 ) 。例如：
There are many problems to work out. (to be worked out)
(二) 在动词want、need、require等后面常用动名词表示被动含义，等于不定式的被动形式。再如：
The bike needs (wants) repairing (= to be repaired). 自行车需要修理了。
(三) worth后跟动名词主动形式表示被动，但是不跟不定式的被动。再如：
This novel is well worth reading。这本小说很值得阅读。
(四) 有些动词不及物动词，只有主动形式，常视为主动表被动。如：
1. take place、happen、break out等。
A big fire happened / took place / broke out last night.
2. 感官动词 (taste; feel; smell; sound; look) 用主动形式表示被意思。请看：
How sweet the music sounds!
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.
3. write、read、sell、keep、prove、weigh、number、drink、wear、pay、wash、open常用主动形式表被动意义。请看下面句子：
The book sells well. ( 这本书销路很好。 )
The door will not open. ( 这扇门就是打不开。 )
This dress washes better. ( 这衣服较好洗。 )
The sign reads as follows. ( 这牌子告示如下。 )
高考链接
不少同学常将应该用主动形式的句子错用为被动形式。请看如下三道高考题：
1. The sick woman needs ______
A. looking after B. to be looking after
C. to look after D. being looked after
2. We think the film is ______
A. worth to see B. worthy of seeing
C. worth seeing D. worthy to see
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