动词不定式主动形式表被动意义的情况
1.不定式作定语:其逻辑主语时句子的主语,间接宾语或说话人时,不定式用主动形式表被动。
常出现在以下构造中:
There+be+主语+修饰主语的不定式
及物动词+宾语〔或双宾语〕+修饰宾语的不定式
主语+have+宾语+修饰宾语的不定式
eg. He has a family to support.(他要支撑一个家庭)
I’ll give him some books to read.〔我要给他写书看看〕
He set us a good example to follow.〔他位我们树立了学习的好典范〕
注:在“there be〞 句型中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某事时,用动词不定式的主动
式。如果强调事情本身必须要做时,那么用动词不定式的被动形式。
Eg, there is a lot of work to do.(有许多工作要〔人〕去做/需要人去做工作)
There is a lot of work to be done.(有许多工作/工作需要被做)
2.不定式作表语形容词的状语.在“主语+be +形容词+不定式〞句式中,不定式如与句子的主语具备逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式常用主动形式表被动意义。
Eg. That question is easy to answer.
Chicken’s legs are nice to eat.
Good novels are interesting to read.
English is easy to learn.
3.在“主语+谓语〔及物动词〕+宾语+宾补+to do〞构造中,宾语是动词不定式的逻辑宾语,而句子的主语可能是动词不定时的逻辑主语,也可能不是。此时,也用动词不定式的主动形式表被动意义
Eg. I found the fellow hard to get along with..(我发现那家伙很难相处)
He made his lessons easy to understand.(他的可让人容易理解)
4.4. 动词不定式前面可以加上疑问代词构成“疑问代词+to do〞构造。在这个构造中,尽管动词不定式与疑问代词之间存在这逻辑上的动宾关系,却用动词不定式的主动形式表被动意义。
Eg. The question is what to do next.〔问题是下一步做什么〕
I don’t know what measures to take to solve this difficult problem.〔我不知道该采取什么措施来解决这个问题〕
5. 有些作表语的不定式,在构造上是主动的,但在意义上却是被动的,如to let(出租),to blame(责备)只用主动形式表被动意义。
Eg. Who is to blame for starting the fire〔这场火灾该由谁负责〕
The house is to let.〔此房出租〕
A lot remains to do.(还剩下许多事情要做)
不定是符号to的保存问题
有时为了防止重复,可以用to来代替前面的不定式,这种情况常出现在以下动词之后:expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try.或出想在be glad/happy, would like/love等的后面。
如果在神略的不定式构造中含有be, have, have been,那么这些词要保存。
I haven’t been to HongKong, but I wish to.
---Are you on holiday
---No, but I’d like to be.
---I didn’t tell him the news.
---Oh, you ought to have.
.表示被动含义的主动动词
1.系动词没有被动形式, 但有些系动词常用主动形式表示被动意义。常见的有taste, sound, prove, feel, smell, look.
What he said proved correct.
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.
2.weigh, measure, cost, last, break out, take place, happen表示‘称重,测量,花费, 持续, 发生’等状态动词或不及物动词时,虽然汉语有被动意义,但英语要用主动形式.
Eg. The meeting lasted two hours.
When did the accident happen
3.动词read, write, translate, act, add, wash, wear, cook, sell, tear, cut, keep, feel, burn, strike, last等常和表示行为方式的状语连用, 表示被动意义。这些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。当主语是人时,是及物动词。当主语是物时,是不及物动词,即用主动形式表被
动意义。且常与can’t(不能)或won’t(不会),hardly, well, easily, badly, nicely等连用
Eg. The door won’t open. It can’t move.
My pen writes smoothly. The cloth washes easily.
4.在‘主语+不及物动词+主语补语’句型中的一些不及物动词表示被动意义。
Eg. This material has worn thin.
The dust has blown into the house.
5.某些动词的进展时可表被动意义。如:print, cook, build, show.
Eg. The meat is cooking. The book is printing.
.表示被动含义的主动构造
1.动名词
Need, want, require, deserve, won’t bear, be worth等动名词后用v-ing主动形式表被动。 句中主语时v-ing实质上的宾语。用作v-ing形式的动词假设是不及物动词,后应加上相应的介词。
Eg. The flowers need/want/require watering.
weigh的各种形式 The problem required paying special attention to.
Your hair wants/needs cutting.(needs to be cut)
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