如何克服高考英语阅读理解中的长难句障碍
（4课时）
课时一
高考英语阅读理解题所选短文均选自英语原版文章，原汁原昧”，考生普遍感觉较难理解。那么，这些阅读材料到底难在哪儿呢？除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外．就是短文中的句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长、难句。句法掌握不好的考生很难理清头绪，影响其对短文内容的理解。
试看一长句：
When a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasn’t unusual to hear a tan say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serous trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa．
    该句后半句实际上包含有四个宾语从句和一个状语从句，hear后跟宾语从句，省略引导词(t
hat)，这个宾语从句中动词say又带了一个由(that) 引导的分宾语从句。而这个宾语从中动词know又带了一个仍由(hat)引导的分宾语从句，这个分宾语从句中有一个until引导的时间状语从句．句中分词asking作状语，后又接了一个if引导的宾语从句，五个从句盘根错节。令人眼花缭乱。
    再如    He found out that Kit Williams had spent his childhood near Ampthill，in Bedfordshire，and thought that he must have tried the hare in a place he knew well，but he still could not see the connection with Katherine of Aragon, until one day he came across two stone crosses in Ampthill Park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in 1773．
    此句长达65个单词，结构比较复杂，句中包括一个并列句、两处并列谓语、三个宾语从句、一个状语从句。外加插入成分。在并列句中，but把前后两个分句连接起来，前一个分中有found out和thought两个并列谓语．后一个分句中有一个until导的时间状语从句，该时间状语从句中已有came across和learnt两个并列谓语。
其实，再复杂的复合句，只要能恰当地运用句法知识进性结构和功能分析，就可突破其含义，
准确地理解短文大意，获取重要信息。
    类型：常见的长难句不外乎以下几种情形：
    1. 句中出现多个连词，句法关系复杂；
    2. 非谓语动词形式较多；
    3. 含有多个同位语或同位语从句，而且较长；
    4. 从句较多，句中套句；
    5. 主干中穿插多个插入语或从句；
    6. 倒装句、省略句、被动句等句式较多。
方法指导
    分析此类句子，首先要搞清楚句子的整体结构到底是简单句、并列句还是复合句，再确定句子的主干，即先出句子的主要成分 —— 主语、谓语和宾语，再分析句子的其他成分，
在此基础上理清各分句间的关系。
具体步骤如下：
1. 主干，即从句子中出主、谓、宾等主要成分，抓住句子主体结构后，再看其它修饰成分。
2. 抓住从句的主语、谓语和引导词等关键信息，确定从句在主句中所作的成分。
3. 根据句中的关联词语确定各分句之间的逻辑关系，把各层分句的意思加以连贯就构成了长句的句意。
一、抓住结构引导词分析其长难句结构和功能
    任何一个复杂长句都不外乎由一个或多个并列结构和复合句构成。并列结构一般有连词and，but，or等连接；复合句按其在句中的作用可分为名词性从句、形容词性从句(定语从句)和副词性从句(状语从句)三大类。任何一个复合句都有一个至几个反应逻辑、意义及结构关系的引导词，出这些引导词就能分析出复合句的完整句子结构，清理出完整意义。平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语。表示目的：
so that，for the purpose that，in order that等；表示结果：so…that…，such…that…，as a result，therefore，thus等；表示条件：if，on condition that，unless等；表示原因：weight的搭配because，since，as等。
    【例l】Another good thing about the use of noise-killing systems is that it saves the need for a silencer, which not only reduces the weight of a car, but also makes the motor burn less oil
and work better．
    析：这是一个含有that引导的表语从句的复合句。并且表语从句后接了which 引导的非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句内有not only…but also…连接的并列结构。句意：噪音消除系统应用的另一好处就是没有必要使用消声器．这不仅减轻了轿车的重量。而且使发动机耗油更少，运转更好。
    【例2】We even have different words for some tools, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that t
he Saxon peasants were doing the farming，while he upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating．           
    析：whether…or…表示判断选择的搭配结构，which 引出定语从句，指代前文中的事实，that引出同位语从句，while引出状语从旬，表示对比。句意：我们甚至用不同的词语来表示食物，特别是肉类，取决于它们是否还在田问里，还是即将就厨。这表明撒可逊农民干的是农活而上层的诺曼人干的是吃喝。
【例3】A Swedish Kennel Club official explains what this means: if your dog runs out on the road and gets hit by a passing car，as the owner，you have to pay for any damage done to the car，even if your dog has been killed in the accident． 
    析：该句前半部分explain接what引导的宾语从句：后半部分对此进行具体解释，其中，在主句前后各有一个if导的条件状语从句和even if引导的让步状语从句。as the owner是插入语。句意：一个瑞典Kennel俱乐部的官员解释了这项(法律)的含义，如果你的狗跑到公路上被汽车撞了。作为主人。即使你的狗被撞死了，你也要为被撞坏的汽车做出赔偿。
    【例4】First, I have to find the red ones among the leaves, which means I almost have to stand on my head，and once found I have to reach down and under, pick the tomatoes and withdraw (缩回) my full fist without dropping the prize SO dearly won．
    析：全句是由and连接的两个并列分句，在前半句中含有which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句．在定语从句中，means后接宾语从句，意为“首先，我必在叶丛中到红的西红柿，这意味着我差不多要倒立了”。在后半句中once found为一省略they are的时状语从句。主句中reach，pick，withdraw为并列谓语动词，意为“一旦发现，我必须伸手到底下摘西红柿，然后缩回来，而不把用这么昂贵的方式得来的
奖品弄丢”。
    【例5】It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers，although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when an e-mail is introduced，the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet．
    析：此句夹杂较复杂的句型结构。although引导的让步状语从句中，主干部分为just about anyone can tell you that…在that引导的宾语从句中又含有when引导的时间状语从句。句意：由于因特网的使用。计算机所使用的纸张的数量是很难衡量的，然而几乎任何在办公室工作的人都能告诉你。当引进后，打印机就开始超时工作。也就是说近年来人们对于纸张的日益需求主要是由于越来越多的使用因特网。
    【例6】Perhaps they will spend their days gollocking to make new spundlesor struggling with their ballalators through the circle, These words, which I have just made up, have to stand for tings and ideas that we simply can't think of．
析：后句包含两个定语从句，一个是由which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰words；一个是由that引导的定语从句修饰things and ideas。该句意为：这些字是我编造的，必定代表我们没有想到的事物和主意。
练一练
Part A
1. Jenner discovered that people who worked with cattle often suffered from a harmless disease which they caught from the cattle, but these people never seemed to get smallpox. 
2. My parents wanted to know if I was sure, if I knew what it meant and whether I realized that if I gave up my job training，it would be very difficult to get a good job． 

版权声明：本站内容均来自互联网，仅供演示用，请勿用于商业和其他非法用途。如果侵犯了您的权益请与我们联系QQ:729038198，我们将在24小时内删除。