第五讲：形容词和副词
一. 形容词
1. 语法意义
表示人或事物的属性或性质，通常用于修饰、限制或说明名词。
如：a book→ a good book a car →a red car
a girl →a beautiful girl a man → a strong man
2. 形容词的功能
(1) 作定语（修饰名词说明其性质或特征）
如：He gave me a beautiful gift.
He is an honest child.
(2) 作表语（与连系动词构成系表结构说明主语的性质或特征）
如：The task is not easy.
His composition is perfect.
(3) 作补语（说明主语或宾语的性质状态或特征）
如：His words made me angry. （宾补）
He was found alive after the earthquake.(主补）
(4) 作状语（说明主语的情况，多表示伴随、原因等）
如：Tired and hungry, he went to home. （原因）
After the long journey,the three of them went back home, tired and hungry. (伴随）
Unable to sleep, I got up and made myself a drink.（原因）
Surprised and happy，Tony stood up and accepted the prize. (伴随）
3. 形容词作定语时的位置
(1) 单个形容词作定语时，通常置于其所修饰的名词前。
如： a sharp knife
(2) 形容词短语用作定语时通常后置。
如：All the people young and old are against the plan.
English is a language easy to learn.
(3) 修饰some, every, no与thing或body构成的不定代词时，形容词需后置。
如： There is nothing serious.
(4) enough作形容词修饰名词时，通常置于名词前，但在一些特别的结构中也可用于名词后。
如： We haven’t got enough time.
There will be time enough for that later.
注意：enough作副词时需置于其所修饰的词后。
如： big enough
(5) alike, alive (活着的), alone(只有，仅仅), asleep, awake, present(在场的), else(其他的), here, there 等必须放在被修饰名词的后面。
如：Man alone has the ability to speak.
He is holding a snake alive.
All the people present welcomed the decision.
4. 多个形容词修饰同一名词时的排列顺序。
限定评尺形，时源物用。
限定词（包括冠词，人称代词，指示代词等）+ 评价性的形容词+尺寸（大小）+形状+时间+彩 +来源（产地）+物质（材料） +用途+ 名词。
如：A lovely small round old red French wood writing desk
A high red brick wall blocks our view.
注意：
如果是表述同一性质的形容词，则通常将长的放在后面。
如：He is a nice and friendly person.
5. 形容词的级别
形容词分为三级：原级、比较级、最高级
① 原级：不与其他事物做比较的形容词原形。
如：good, high, attractive
② 比较级：用于两者之间的比较，表示程度较高的。
如：better, higher, more attractive
③ 最高级：用于三者或三者以上事物间的比较，表示程度最高的。
如：best, highest, most attractive
6. 形容词/副词比较级和最高级的构成
(1). 规则变化。
① 一般情况下，单音节的词在词尾加er或est。
如：thick-thicker-thickest, low-lower-lowest
② 单音节词的最后一个字母为e时，只加r或st。
如：simple-simpler-simplest brave-braver-bravest
③ 以辅音字母加y结尾的，先变y为i,再加-er和est。
如：angry-angrier-angriest, early-earlier-earliest
④ 以重读闭音节结尾的，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母而其前又为短元音时，须双写辅音字母，再加-er,-est。
如：hot-hotter-hottest thin-thinner-thinnest
⑤ 多音节词和部分以-ful, -less, -able, -ous, -ing等结尾的双音节词，在原级前加more, most构成比较级和最高级。
如：
careful-more careful-most careful
important-more important-most important
7. 形容词/副词的常见句型
(1) 原级句型结构
① as+原级+as 可用于肯定或否定句中
如：She is (not) as tall as her sister.
We work as hard as his team.
② so+原级+as 仅用于否定句
如：
The bed was not so comfortable as his own.
She doesn’t walk so fast as he does.
③ as+形容词原级+名词+ as
注意：名词可以为可数名词或不可数名词，当其为单数时，名词前需加a/an。
注意：名词可以为可数名词或不可数名词，当其为单数时，名词前需加a/an。
如：
She has as much trouble as I have.
Our school has as many students as theirs.
They said he was as fine a painter as his father.
She is as successful an actress as she is a singer.
④ the same as/similar to(=like)/different from
如：This car is the same as Tom’s.
He is different from his father.
weight常用短语 His attitude is similar to/like Mary’s.
(2) 比较级的常见句型结构
① 比较级+than
如：Mary is older than me.
This question is less difficult than that one.
His machine is more powerful than ours.
② 比较级+and+比较级 越来越
如：The days are getting colder and colder.
She is growing more and more beautiful.
③ the +比较级, the +比较级 “越……,越……”
如：The more you practice, the better you will learn it.
The harder you work, the greater progress you’ll make.
④ 倍数+比较级+than 比……大/长/宽几倍
如：A is six times longer than B.
注意：倍数的其他表示方法
倍数+as +原级+as
如：A is six times as long as B.
倍数+the +名词(size， height， weight， length， width 等 )+ of
如：A is six times the length of B.
(3) 用原级/比较级表达最高级的句型
① as+原级+as any …
如：She is as bright as anyone in the school.
He speaks English as well as anyone in his class.
② 比较级+than any other/any…else
如：His mother is more careful than anyone else in his family.
China is larger than any other country in Asia.
注意：China is larger than (all) other countries in Asia.
(4) 最高级常见句型结构
① the +最高级+of…/in…
如：Jack is the tallest boy in his class.
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