名词复习
语言实践与内容梳理:
一、名词的种类
名词分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词指某个人、地方、机构等特定名词,如Lucy,Beijing等;普通名词一般指一类人或东西,或是一个抽象的概念的名称。
从四方面掌握
A.个体名词,如worker,book等;
B.集体名词,如family,class等;
C.物质名词,如glass,coffee等;
D.抽象名词,如life,love等。
其中个体名词和集体名词合成为可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词合成为不可数名词。
名词的数
不可数名词,包括物质名词和抽象名词,从某种意义不能计数,只有单数形式。
可数名词,包括个体名词和集体名词,通常有单复数的区别。
可数名词的复数形式一般在单数后面加-s构成,加-s词尾的主要方式有以下几点:
⑴一般在词尾直接加-s,如books,boys等。
⑵以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词后加-es,如buses,boxes ,watches等。
⑶以辅音字母加“y”结尾的名词,变“y”为“i”,再加-es,如family —families,story—stories,city—cities等。
⑷以f,fe结尾的名词通常变f,fe为v,让后再加-es,如knife—knives,wife—wives等。(注意:以o结尾的名词变复数,不同的语法教材对此规定不一。为记
忆方便,一般认为:初中教材常见的单词,如tomato—tomatoes, potato —potatoes。其他photo—photos, radio—radios ,piano —pianos, kilo—kilos ,zoo—zoos 等。)
少数名词有不规则复数形式,如:man—men, woman—women, foot—feet, child —children, tooth—teeth, mouse—mice等。
一些名词单复数形式相同,如Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep, people, cattle,fish 等。
还有些名词通常以复数形式出现,如clothes,glasses,thanks,noodles等。在two men doctors, some women nurses这类短语中更要注意此处的men,women的用法问题了。
二、名词的格
名词的格,分主格、宾格以及所有格。
名词主宾格在句法上没有拼写区别,一般不作为学习的重点。名词的所有格指
有些名词可以在后面加’s来表示所有关系。如露西的书包,Lucy’sbag 。
名词的所有格一般在后面加’s,如上例,还有一些其他表现形式
⑴一个名词如其复数形式以s结尾,直接在s后打“’”,如the students’ books。Nurses’ Day Teachers’ Day
Day。Mother’s Day ⑵如其复数形式特殊,不以s结尾,在后加’s,如Children’s
the teacher’s desk
,表现为A and B’s,例This is Lily ⑶如一个东西为两者共有,只在第二者后加’s
and Lucy’s
room.
and
,如These are Lily’s
,表现为  A ’s
and B’s
⑷如两者分别拥有,则分别加’s
rooms
Lucy’s
名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的东西的名词,但如表示时间、距离、国家、
城市、团体等无生命的名词,也可以用在后加’s的方法,如ten minutes’walk, today’s news, the People
’s cinema等。凡不能加’s的名词,都可以与of构成所有关系,如the map of China, the name of the movie等。
双重所有格是一种特殊形式,of结构与名词所有格-’s结合使用,如a friend of my father’s。of加名词性物主代词也可以构成双重所有格,如  a friend of mine。三、加后缀变名词
A.adj+ness 变成名词
illness sickness goodness sadness blindness kindness richness fitness darkness happy-happiness
ugly-ugliness busy-business lazy-laziness
B. V+ion 变成名词
attract-attraction act-action collect-collection
instruct-instruction discuss-discussion suggest-suggestion
protect-protection connect-connection
invent-invention decide-decision
pollute-pollution donate-donation celebrate-celebration educate-education operate-operation
invite-invitation  organize-organization
realize-realization introduce-introduction
*describe-description pronounce-pronunciation
compete-competition
C V +ing 变成名词
meet-meeting clean-cleaning wash-washing feel-feeling paint-painting
spell- spelling
say-saying end-ending mean-meaning train-training
hunt-hunting dive-diving skate- skating ski-skiing hike-hiking  ride-riding cycle-cycling swim-swimming
jog-jogging shop-shopping begin-beginning
D V/adj +th 变成名词
high-height,weigh-weight, long-length,grow-growth,
warm-warmth
(hot—heat,beautiful-beauty, proud-pride, dangerous-danger,
safe-safety, dead—death, angry-anger, hungry—hunger serve-service possible-possibility)
E +er/or 构成名词
1.加er:speaker, teacher, farmer reporter,waiter
2.双些词尾加er:winner,beginner, runner, swimmer
3.有e加r:writer, dancer
4.加or: visitor, actor director,editor inventor, sailor,survivor
5.加(r)ess, actress,hairdress, waitress
6.加ist: science-scientist piano- pianist tour-tourist art-artist
type---typist
四、名词加后缀变形容词
careful/less useful/less cheerful/less colorful/less
helpful/less homeful/less hopeful/less harmful/less meaningful/less thoughtful/less  thankful/less powerful/
tasteful/tasteless (tasty)
wonderful delightful
weigh weight 区别
grateful-ungrateful
successful- unsuccessful
peaceful- unpeaceful
endless noisy-noiseless sleepless (sleepy)
形容词加前缀构成反义词
1 un-able
comfortable
countable
friendly
grateful
happy
helpful
healthy
kind
known
like
lovely
lucky
natural
necessary
selfish
thankful
usual
welcome
willing
certain
popular
important
2in- active
complete
correct
formal
3.ir-regular
4.im- polite
possible
patient
5.dis- abled
like
honest
appear
agree
六、名词变形容词
A 单词+y变成形容词
health-healthy
luck-lucky
rain-rainy
snow-snowy
wind-windy
cloud-cloudy
sleep-sleepy
frost-frosty
mist-misty
noise-noisy
taste-tasty
shine-shiny shining
ice-icy
sun-sunny
fun-funny
fog-foggy
B 方位名词+ern 构成形容词
eastern southern, western, northern,
七、形容词变副词
(1)直接加ly,especially carefully excitedly
polit ely mostly, recently (注意:true-truly)
(2)以le 结尾的形容词去e加y构成副词
possible-possibly simple-simply probable-probably
comfortable-comfortably terrible-terribly
suitable-suitably able-ably gentle-gently
(3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的单词,改y为i加ly
happy-happily heavy-heavily healthy-healthily noisy-noisily lucky-luckily angry-angrily
(4)good-well(better,best)
(5)既可作形容词也可作副词的单词
Well hard  early fast  high wide close near weekly
(6)compare(比较1):true-truly,safe-safely

版权声明:本站内容均来自互联网,仅供演示用,请勿用于商业和其他非法用途。如果侵犯了您的权益请与我们联系QQ:729038198,我们将在24小时内删除。