第十章 形容词、副词
一、 形容词
1. 形容词在句中主要用作定语, 表语, 复合宾语的补语, 特殊结构中的状语：
【例句】
Miss Smith is a very good teacher.（前置定语）
He has nothing pleasant to tell you. Something terrible will happen. (后置定语)
Don’t feel sad, everything will be all right. (表语)
They found the book quite instructive. (补语)
They spent six days on the small island, cold and hungry. (状语)
2．形容词的某些特殊用法
1) 当某些表示行为的动词用作系动词时, 作表语
有些行为动词常用作系动词，后面应跟形容词作表语, 不能误用副词。常见这类动词有：
appear，act，become，feel，fall，get，grow，look，remain, seem，sound，smell，stay，taste，turn，etc．
【例句】
We believe that he already feels very sad about his mistake and we have decided to take no further action．
Since one of their members was a prisoner of war in Vietnam，the family felt bad when they heard over their radio that the peace were to be discontinued．
2) 表示人品的形容词的常用结构
“It is十表示人品的形容词十of十代词十不定式”，这种结构用来表示对某人所做的事的一种赞赏，或者厌恶。用在这种结构中的形容词有：
brave，clever，considerate，cruel，foolish，good，kind，nice，rude，silly，stupid，thoughtful，wicked，wise，wrong，etc．
【例句】
It was very kind of you to lend him some money to escape the bankruptcy．
It’s considerate of you to meet me at the airport.
3) 易误作副词的形容词
通常形容词加后缀-ly可变为副词；但有些带-ly词尾的词却是形容词，特别容易引起误用，如：
lovely（可爱的） likely（很可能的）
deadly（致命的） earthly（现世的）
leisurely（有闲的） weekly（每周一次的）
yearly（每年一次的） manly（丈夫气概的）
brotherly（友爱的） friendly（友好的），
badly (糟糕的)
【例句】
As I didn’t have any experience，I was likely to have problems.
“Electronic World” is a weekly magazine，we are its permanent subscriber．
二、副词
1. 副词通常在句中作状语，修饰动词，形容词，副词，或整个句子。
【例句】
I usually take sandwiches for my lunch, but now I go to a café. (修饰动词)
He is very honest. (修饰形容词)
She sings quite well. (修饰副词)
Personally, I didn’t approve of the idea. (修饰整个句子)
2. 副词的位置
1) 地点副词与态度副词
地点副词如：abroad，away，downstairs，everywhere，outside，around，here, there，below，anywhere，somewhere, 态度副词如；kindly，badly，well，quickly，distinctly,intentionally通常应放在宾语之后，若无宾语，应放在该动词之后。但态度副词还常可放在系动词之后，行为动词之前。
【例句】
I remember having seen him somewhere.
She didn’t do it intentionally.
2) 时间副词
时间副词, 如：already, before, finally, immediately, lately, shortly, presently, then, yet, still, now, soon, recently可以放在句子的前或后。但是yet，before放在句末。
【例句】
Finally, he returned home penniless.
I have never seen him before.
3）频度副词
频度副词如：sometimes，seldom，rarely，always，ever，usually，often，weight的最高级never，constantly，frequently，occasionally，ordinarily通常应放在动词前, 系动词与助动词之后。Ever与never有时可放在助动词之前, 以示强调。
频度副词 frequently，generally，normally，occasionally，ordinarily，usually，和sometimes在表示强调和对比时, 可放在句首。
【例句】
We must always bear this in mind.
She is seldom ill. And so she has never been late.
Ordinarily，tariff duties are placed on commodities according to their value．
4) 程度副词
程度副词，如：almost，nearly，quite，Just，too，fairly，extremely， completely， considerably, deeply， partly, terribly，definitely，greatly，hardly可用来修饰一个形容词，另一个副词；它通常放在被它修饰的那个词的前面。
【例句】
He stumbled and almost fell.
I am awfully sorry for it.
5) 程度副词与额度副词之间的位置
当程度与频度副词同时在句中出现时，通常是程度副词修饰频度副词。
【例句】
They nearly always spend their holidays in the mountain.
The seats in the second plane had almost all been completely filled.
三、形容词与副词的比较级:
1. 比较级的构成:
单音节形容词和副词通常都以加-er和-est的方式构成比较级和最高级：
但在加词尾时要注意：
1）一般加-er，-est
tall taller tallest
kind kinder kindest
great greater greatest
2）以e结尾的词，只加-r和-st：
large larger largest
wise wiser wisest
fine finer finest
3）“辅音字母十元音字母十辅音字母”构成的词，末尾字母要双写，再加-er和-est：
hot hotter hottest
thin thinner thinnest
flat flatter flattest
big bigger biggest
4) 下面双音节词以加词尾方式构成比较级及最高级：
以y结尾的词，先变 y为 i，再加词尾，如 happy， happier，happiest：
这类动词有：happy, angry, dingy, naughty, likely, lucky, misty, stormy, lovely, kingly, timely, beastly.
5) 上面未提到的双音节词和更多音节的词，通常多加 more和 most：
foolish more foolish most foolish
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