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Why do smokers tend to weigh less than nonsmokers and gain weight when they give up the habit?
Contrary to“common knowledge”,nonsmokers do not generally eat more than smokers, nor do they exercise less, studies find. Research performed on smokers at rest indicates that nicotine (尼古丁) itself can increase basal metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates,meaning smokers burn more energy than nonsmokers during periods of inactivity. But surveys suggest most smokers smoke not while completely at rest, but while performing light activities such as desk work that can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.Unless nicotine’s metabolic effects increase proportionally with metabolic rates, its influence on weight might be insignificant.
Now a study shows that nicotine’s e ffects on body-fuel consumption indeed increase proportionally with increases in activity.“These results indicate that the metabolic effect of nicotine may play a greater part in accounting for body-weight differences between smokers and nonsmokers than w as previously believed,” says Kenneth A. Perkins and his colleagues at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
The researchers gave a nicotine nose spray to individuals performing light work— in this case riding an exercise bicycle modified to allow easy riding while subjects remain seated in a comfortable armchair. Th
e activity raised resting metabolic rates two to three times.
By analyzing air breathed out, the researchers calculated energy consumption in the armchair bicyclists before and after giving the nose spray and compared the relative changes with subjects in the control group given placebo (（试验药物用的）无效对照剂) nose sprays. Relative to their baseline bicycle expenditures, individuals in the nicotine group expended considerably more energy than did those in control group while doing the same amount of work. With nicotine, Perkins says, “It’s as if the body is becoming much less efficient in using its stored energy.”
While the results may seem discouraging to smokers who’d like to quit without gaining weight, Perkins notes that walking an extra mile a day should make up for the difference in metabolic efficiency. And he says smokers would have to gain “well more than 50 pounds” to counterbalance the health risks of continued smoking.
1.What mig ht “common knowledge” say about smokers and nonsmokers?
A)Smokers eat more and exercise more than nonsmokers.
B)Smokers eat less and exercise less than nonsmokers.
C)Smokers eat less and exercise more than nonsmokers.
D)Smokers eat more and exercise less than nonsmokers.
答案：C
2.When might nicotine influence smokers’ weight significantly?
A)When Nicotine’s metabolic effects and metabolic
rates increase at the same rate. √
B)While smokers are exercising.
C)While smokers are at rest.
D)When Nicotine’s metabolic effects increase
proportionally with the amount of light activities.
答案：A
3.The word “subjects” in the fourth paragraph means .
A)people under medical treatment
B)researchers
C)people undergoing an experiment √
D)addicted smokers
答案：C
4.What have the researchers found out in their study?
A)People in the armchair expended more energy than
people doing desk work.
B)People in the control group breathed out more air.
C)People without nicotine nose spray are becoming much
less efficient in using energy.
D)People in the nicotine group consumed more energy.
√
答案：D
5.Why do the study results seem discouraging to some smokers according to the passage?
A)Because they want to gain weight to tackle the health
risks of continued smoking.
B)Because they want to quit smoking and still keep fit.
C)Because they want to walking an extra mile a day to
lose some weight.
D)Because they want to keep fit without having to quit
smoking.
答案：B
A certain amount of controversy has been caused by the publication of a new report by a team of educationalists headed by Pro. B. J. Smith. The report claims to have statistical evidence that children who attend a number of different schools through their parents having to move around the country are more than normally vulnerable to a vicious cycle of low academic achievement.There are also indications,says Professor Smith,of an unusually high rate of psychological dismay among such children.
The professor,who has long suspected that the effect on children whose parents travel to different parts of the country in search of work has not been sufficiently researched, stresses that this is not merely an expression of prejudice. “We are not dealing here with opinions,”he says,“It’s true,my personal feeling is that for children’s well-being,they should stay in one school.However,our findings are based on research and not on any personal attitudes that I or my colleagues may have on the subject.”
Capt. Thomas Muller, an Army lecturer for the past 20 years and himself a father of two,said,“I’ve neve
weigh怎么读r heard such rubbish.As far as I’m concerned,absolutely no harm is done to the education of children who change schools regularly— as long as they keep to the same system as in our Army school. In my experience—and I’ve known quite a few of them— Army children are as well-adjusted as any others, if not more so. What the Professor doesn’t appear to appreciate is the fact that in such situations children will adapt m uch better than adults.”
When this was put to Professor Smith,he said that at no time had his team suggested that all such children were backward or dismayed in some way, but simply that in their experience there was a clear tendency.
“Our findings in dicate that while the extremely bright child can cope with regular emotional turbulence without harming his or her general academic progress,the majority of children suffer from constantly having to enter a new learning environment.”
6.What does Profes sor Smith’s report suggest?
A)Children shouldn’t change schools too often. √
B)Children who have to move around the country are
better at academic achievement.
C)Children attending many schools have caused a certain
amount of controversy.
D)Children who attend different schools are more
vulnerable to vicious diseases.
答案：A
7.What does Professor Smith think of the findings of the research?
A)They are proved by the research. √
B)They are just based on his personal feeling.
C)They may merely be an expression of prejudice.
D)They are based on personal attitudes.
答案：A
8.What does Capt. Thomas Muller think of children who change schools regularly?
A)They can actually deal with the new environment
better than adults. √
B)They do no harm to the education.
C)They find it difficult to keep to the same system.
D)They are generally ill-adjusted.
答案：A
9.How does Professor Smith defend himself again Capt. Thomas Muller?
A)He suggests that children having regular emotional
turbulence do not harm their academic progress.
B)He argues that only a few children will suffer from
changing schools regularly.
C)He stresses that the majority of children tend to
suffer from constantly adapting to a new learning
environment. √
D)He believes that extremely bright child likes to
enter a new learning environment.
答案：C
10.What does the passage mainly talk about?
A)How army children get used to a new learning
environment.
B)Whether children would be affected by changing
scho ols regularly. √
C)The procedure Professor Smith followed to conduct a
study.
D)The opinions people have about children who often
change schools.
答案：B
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In reality they are nothing more and nothing less than a lot of merciless and heartless thieves. Fraud is fraud and cheating is cheating despite the artistic manner in which it is committed or the size of the scale upon which it is operated.
It is time these men were classed properly and placed where they rightly belong, for they are no better than the miserable sneak-thief who steals a penny from a blind man’s dog.
For the past two or three years working people who have made sacrifices to save a few pennies have been cheated most unmercifully. Their hard-earned savings have been stolen from them by every possible scheme from the obvious looting (打劫) of a bank to the higher and more artistic method of legalized high risk,complex financial products. Men high up in the financial world have lent their names to some of the most shady and notorious schemes that ever dishonored a community or a people. Because of this the most diligent and economical (节俭的) American people have been induced to place their hard-earned and carefully guarded savings in what they were led to believe was a safe investment, only to find out when too late that they had fallen into the hands of a gang of extremely respectable cheats.They cannot recover what they have lost.

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