许国璋英语许式英语语音语法复习一
一. 英语语音
(一)英语字母
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm
Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz 其中A、E、I、O、U(Y)为元音字母。
练习:
1.朗读并比较下列各组字母:
a-o e-c b-d d-g g-j j-y I-j h-k m-n v-w r-t u-n I-L-T
U-V M-W O-Q K-P-R-H B-D E-F C-G J-Y H-N
2.朗读下列缩写词:
CPC PRC UN USA GNP p.m. IT PC Y2K
VIP IQ CEO CBD APEC OPEC
(二)英语音素和音标
1.音素和音标
音素是语音的最小单位。英语音素共48个。
音标是音素的书面符号。英语通常采用国际音标来注音。音标写在[]内,以区别于字母。
2.元音和辅音
元音20个,其中:单元音12个,单元音又有长、短之分。长元音符号为[:]。
双元音8个。
辅音28个,其中按声带振动与否有清辅音和浊辅音之分。辅音还可按发音方法分类,有爆破音6个,摩擦音10个,破擦音6个,鼻音3个,舌侧音1个,半元音2个。
(参见许国璋《英语》第一册第9课和第10课的语音部分)
(三)读音规则
1.音节——词的构成单位
就语音形式而言,音节由音素构成,一般是由一个元音或一个元音加上辅音组成;
就书写形式而言,音节由字母组成。根据英语单词所含音节的数目可分为单音节词(如;a, he, she, on, desk)、双音节词(如:letter, mother, doctor)和多音节词(如:information, economics,)
2.单词重音
.重读音节——符号为[′-],次重读音节——符号为[?-]
在双音节词和多音节词中,一般有一个音节读得重些、清楚些,这个音节叫重读音节,其他读得轻而弱的音节叫非重读音节。单音节词在单独念时要重读,但注音时不必加重读符号。
一个词有五个音节以上者,则从重读音节算起,倒数第三个音节为次重读音节。
有的词有两个重读音节。
3.成音节
有些较响亮的辅音,如;[l]、[m]、[n],在后面没有元音的情况下也能和他前面的辅音构成一个音节,叫做成音节。成仪凝结一般在词尾,不重读。如:people[′ pi:pl], criticism[′ critisizm]中的[pl][zm]都是成音节。
4.重读开音节、闭音节、-r 音节
元音字母的读法一般取决于其所在的音节是重读还是非重读音节,以及属于哪种音节类型。在重读音节中最重要的有三种情况:
1)开音节:元音字母在重读开音节中读其名称音。开音节有:
A.以发音的单个元音字母结尾的音节,如:a, he , no.
B.以“一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(r 除外)+不发音的e 结尾”的音节,如:name, life, note(但有例外,如:love, have)
2)闭音节: 以一个或几个辅音字母结尾(r 除外),而前面又只有一个元音字母的
重读音节。元音字母在闭音节中的读音为短音,如:map, desk, fill, hot, cut.
3)-r 音节:含有“元音字母+r”的重读音节,如,mark, her, girl, nurse, morning。
-r 音节中的元音字母读相对的长音..(见许式英语第7课语音表)
5.音节的划分和单词的一般读音
在计算音节时,只能根据词的语音形式,而不能根据词的书写形式来划分。如:meet, lead中的字母组合ee, ea念[i:],是一个元音因素,因此只算一个音节;又如make 的最末一个元音字母e不发音,因此make 也是单音节词。
双音节词的划分和读音:
1) 在两个元音之间只有一个辅音,辅音属于哪个音节,则根据前一个元音的读音而定,如果读短音,则属于前一个音节,如果读长音,则属于后一个音节。例如;cit/y[siti] sev/en[sevn] o/ver la/bour
2)分界线上有两个辅音字母,则将它们分别划归左右两个音节。例如:pic/ture, winter, co
m/rade(第一个音节按重读闭音节读短音)
cor/ner, dir/ty(分界线上第一个辅音字母为r,第一个音节按r音节读长音)
car/ry, mer/ry, hur/ry(分界线上辅音字母为rr,第一个音节按闭音节读短音)
3)分界线上的辅音连缀不能拆散,划归第二个音节。例如:
a/fraid, pro/gress, coun/try, con/struc/tion
4)有一部分双音节词重音在第二个音节上,其中元音字母读法和单音节词相同。
例如:
mis/take [misteik], dis/cuss, re/port,
二. 语法
名词(THE NOUN)
Exercises:
1. Apple is a ____ word.
A) five-letter B) five-letters
C) fives-letters D) five letters
2. On hearing the joke, she burst into ____
A) a loud laughter B) loud laughter
C) loud laughs D) loud laughings
3. He invited all of his ____ to join his wedding party.
A) comrade-in arms B) comrades-in-arm
C) comrades-in-arms D) comrade-in-arm
4. All the ____ in the hospital got a rise yesterday.
A) women doctors B) woman doctors
C) women doctor D) woman doctor
5. After ten years, all those youngsters became ____.
A) growns-ups B) growns-up
C) grown-up D) grown-ups
6. The police investigated the ____about the bank
robbery.
A) stander-by B) standers-by
C) stander-bys D) standers-bys
7. She used to have three ____.
A) boys friends B) boys friend
C) boy friends D) boy friend
8. The Nazi kept those ____ in their concentration
camp.
A)prisoner-of-wars B)prisoners-of-war
C) prisoners-of-wars D) prisoner-of-war
9. The committee ____ been arguing about the eco-
nomic problems among themselves for many hours.
A) have B) has C) could have D) can have
10. The public ____interested in talking about the
news.
A) has been B) was C) is D) are
11. The rest of the crew of the ship ____ going to
come back home.
A) has not been B) have not been
C) is not D) are not
12. The team ____ in ____opinion.
A) was divided ,.. its B ) heir
C) heir D) had its
13. Paper scissors ____ for cutting paper.
A) are something B) is something
weight读音C) has been anything D) can do
14. ____ is too much for a little boy to carry.
A) A bike’s weight B) The weights of a bike
C) The weight of a bike D ) Bike’s weight
15. A great deal of ____ was done to crops.
A) damages B) damaging,
C) damage D) ruin
16. The young couple bought ____for their living
room.
A) some new furniture B) some new furnitures
C) many new furniture D ) many new furnitures
17. Mathematics ____easy to learn.
A) is B) are C) can say D) feels
18. There is only ____ left in his bowl.
A) some rices B) few rice
C) little rice D) some rise
19. The news ____ heard everywhere.
A) are going to be B) have been
C) had D) was
20. His last works____ well known among his friends.
A) have B) have been C) is D) are
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