Unit 4
PART II FOCUS
Reference for the Classroom Activities
1. a. Freedom.
b. A reluctance to work steadily— Because she was reluctant to work steadily, she was unprepared for the presentation on Monday.
c. The horror of the movie – I was so frightened by the movie that I did not sleep for three nights.
d. A great deal of learning – I learned a great deal in my chemistry class.
e. The intelligence necessary to understand this concept – Few people are intelligent enough to understand this concept.
f. The embarrassment – I was too embarrassed to speak.
Position of the subject
Reference for the Classroom Activities
1. a. Rod missed the fun of college by making chemistry his sole activity and participating in no other extracurricular activities.
b. Cayenne is used freely by Mexican cooks because it adds spice to their sauces and provides color as well.
c. The neighborhood was terrorized by the dog which barked up the wrong tree and defended an enormous territory not his own.
d. Patty began apartment hunting by paging through the classified ads and making large circles here and there.
2. Like a bird that seeketh its mother’s nest;
And a mother she was, and is, to me…
            -- Brian Waller Procter, “The Sea”
  To emphasize “a mother”
  Down in a green and shady bed
  A modest violet grew;
  Its stalk was bent; it hung its head,
  As if to hide from view.
            -- James Taylor, “The Violet”
  To emphasize “down in a green and shady bed”
  A treacherous fellow is the Shark.
  He never makes the least remark.
            --Alfred Douglas, ”The Shark”
  To emphasize “a treacherous fellow” and to achieve the rhyme
Voice
Choosing the active voice
Reference for the Classroom Activities
a. The luxury liner rammed into the huge iceberg.
b. Ferrari ran a good race.
c. The amateur archaeologist discovered some objects of art. ( The original sentence emphasizes the agent, “the amateur archaeologist,” while this sentence stresses the fact that this amateur archaeologist discovered some objects of art. )
d. Before I set my world record, I was a great fan of The Guinness Book of World Records and read each new edition from cover to cover.
e. For a while I had been secretly desiring to be in that book myself—to astonish others just as I had been astonished.
f. Readers will always appreciate classics like Middlemarch.
g. An English critic in the nineteenth century asked the question “Who ever reads an American books?”
Choosing the passive voice
Reference for the Classroom Activities
1. a. The salesman had traveled on the road many times, but he had never before noticed the old house.
b. The tourist had a safe trip because all the dangers were carefully explained by the guide.
c. The mother bird, which brought a worm to feed its young, flew directly into the nest.
d. (This sentence is effective.)
e. If you can learn how to use a thesaurus, you will find it quite useful.
2.     At Sunny Acres the campers must honor many traditions, including the custom of singing before an audience wherever they break a rule. If, for example, a camper reaches the driving hall late for supper, the latecomer must face the entire camp and sing to them. He has to stand with his back to the kitchen, and look at his fellow campers. Then, without the idea of piano or any other instrument, he must sing two stanzas of a camp song. If any words are omitted, he must begin the song again. (Before the performance, he may check a camp songbook if he wishes to refresh his memory.) During the singing it is against the rules for other campers to call out or make faces. After the performance, they applaud for the latecomer, and fill his plate with a double helping. Everyone has a good time, including the culprit.
PART III GRAMMAR
Tense
The simple present
Reference for the Classroom Activities
Summary
1. In general, the present tense expresses the present time, but there are exceptions. For example, it can be used to indicate future events or actions.
timeout was reached2. In statements about the content of literature and other works of art, we generally use the present tense (the historical present). However, statements about the facts of a deal author’s life are normally in the past tense.
3. In statements of natural truth or of lasting significance, we use the present tense. However, if the statement does not contain truth, we do not use the present tense.
e.g. Ancient Greeks believed that the earth was motionless.
Sequence of tense
Reference for the Classroom Activities
Summary
1. When the main verb is in the present tense, the subordinate verb can appear in various tenses.
2. When the main verb is in the past tense, the subordinate verb can only be in the simple past tense, the past perfect tense, or the past future tense.
3. When the main verb indicates the future, the subordinate verb can be in the simple present tense, the present perfect tense, but never in the future tense.
Mood

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